Volcanic ‘bomb’ on ‘Home Plate’

Michael Manga et al from the Integrative Planetary Science at Caltech Berkeley have used this image of the ‘Home Plate’ rock on Mars to infer the atmospheric density.  The indicated rock or ‘clast’ was shot from a volcano and landed in a wet sedimentary environment producing what is called a ‘bomb sag’.  By performing a number of controlled experiments the researchers have bracketed the  wetness of the substrate and the density of the clast.  As a result they determined that the impact velocity of the ‘bomb’ was “up to 40 m/s” which means that the air density exceeded 0.4 kg/m^3, much higher than the present density on Mars 0.013 kg/m^3.  It is a well established fact that the liquid phase of water cannot exist at the present atmospheric density and temperatures on Mars.  For reference, atmospheric density on Earth is 1.2 kg/m^3.

This innovative approach indicates that volcanic activity occurred when the atmospheric density on Mars was declining.  Unfortunately, this scientific paper, as are all concerning the planets, is flawed by the introduction of the completely unproven  ’Uniformitarian Assumption’, that these events occurred billions of years BP (Before the Present).  Why are rock formations like ‘Home Plate’ so exposed, when dust storms containing 10^17 grams repeatedly cover the entire planet.  These storms should gradually spall off more and more material, causing the dust to deepen over billions of years and obscure the entire rocky surface.

Cyclic Catastrophism

The CC scenario is based on dozens of ancient texts which are actually observations of consuming cosmic events that took place between 3700 and  700 BC.  There is an complete dichotomy between this period, ruled by the ‘gods’ (glowing bodies) and the modern view because these planets, Venus, Mars and Mercury have retreated to distant orbits.   Julian Jaynes was compelled to explain this dichotomy in The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind  (some 490 pages), suggesting  it was the result of a sudden complete change in the minds of all human beings!  But the texts show that the ancient people were not only rational, but because of the same close cosmic encounters witnessed by one hundred generations, they knew far more than present-day scientists about the planets.

I liken the one-hundred cyclic encounters with the living planet priori-Mars (Mars still had its solid iron core), to the SETI program receiving a digital signal of 100.  In which case all hell would break loose!   Of course, because the power and intelligence of our wonderful ‘scientific establishment’ could never cause or even conceive of such events, they could not have happened – what arrogance.

The Purpose

The purpose of these encounters with priori-Mars was to rejuvenate a rather sickly Earth by sacrificing all the valuable assets of a smaller living planet, i.e. the oceans, atmosphere and biosphere in the form of seeds.  It should be obvious to any thinking person that this could only be accomplished by a number of cyclic encounters because of the direct and indirect tidal effects. Only water from the near-side could be attracted to the Earth whereas that on the far side was ‘pushed away’.  Thus a break in priori-Mars geostationary orbits into an intersecting planetary orbit was necessary for the water on the planet to be redistributed, making more  available during the next 15 years capture.  Anyone who has read my website and/or blog posts knows that the entire encounter process was quite complex, and that this point is one of many.

Evidence

Geologists have noted a sea-level rise of some 150 meters in the recent geologic past, e.g. the Mediterranean used to be three isolated lakes and a number of ancient ports are now under water, but the change is attributed to the melting of glaciers thought to have covered the northern Eurasian continent.  This 3000-year water-level increase on Earth was superimposed upon by cyclic changes due to the ‘permanent’ tide surrounding the Tibetan-Himalayan complex, caused by the geostationary presence of priori-Mars only 44,000 km from the Earth and the corresponding shift of the spin axis of the rigid outer shell to Hudson Bay.  Evidence of these lie in the Messinian Salinity Crisis, and the Siwalik sediments surrounding the Tibetan-Himalayan complex.

Radio Carbon 14 Dating correction curve
Source: www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nerc14C.html

The most obvious consequence of the influx of volatiles from priori-Mars to the Earth between 3700 and 700 BC exists as a correction to the radiocarbon dating curve.  If the composition of the atmosphere had not changed during this period, the correction factor plotted as a function of the date, shown in figure 2 should be perfectly flat.  But as can be seen the composition is changing continually between these dates.

Conclusion

The ‘bomb’ pictured in Figure 1 fell from an erupting Martian volcano during the Vedic Period (3700 to 700 BC) and impacted ‘Home Plate’ when very wet, at a date when its atmosphere and water had been partially lost to the Earth.  This did not occur on ‘early’ Mars but only yesterday, geologically speaking.

Common Grace is the grace of God that is common to all humankind without distinction between persons, believers or unbelievers.  It is “grace” because it is undeserved and sovereignly bestowed by God.

The earth was born out of a high energy impact on Jupiter, which initiated a nuclear fusion fireball thousands of times the size of the giant planet itself.  We are here today because that event occurred about 4 billion years ago. We know about it because many beings on Earth observed and recorded the similar birth of proto-Venus only 6,000 years ago.  In fact, this is the process by which all terrestrial planets are born.  Not only does this prove that Jupiter is a solid planet, but also that it incorporated essentially all the heavy elements present in the nascent solar system.

Methane Gas Hydrate

A number of factors suggest that Jupiters composition is solid methane-gas-hydrate (MGH), a well-studied phase of water which forms under conditions of low temperature and high pressure.  Although primarily water, this phase forms cavities as it freezes, which encapsulate ‘foreign’ molecules or atoms (a clathrate), most commonly methane.  Interestingly, an ample supply of ‘foreign’ material is necessary for its formation , otherwise the cavities collapse, reverting to ordinary ice.  The cavities are of varying sizes, capable of incorporating all of the heavy elements in the periodic table. An excellent tutorial on MGH can be found at MGH tutorial.  Although Saturn is also an MGH planet, its low density (0.7) as compared to Jupiter’s (1.33) indicates that Jupiter incorporated essentially all the heavy elements in the nascent solar system.

Proto-Venus’ Explosive Birth

The magnitude of the fireball that contracted to become proto-Venus (its not yet completed forming) was so great that the Rig Veda described its shape.  This implies the impact of a large body into the unlimited hydrogen (and deuterium) present in the body of Jupiter resulted in an enormous nuclear fusion explosion which exponentially magnified its energy. Moreover, a very gradually diminishing fusion furnace in the crater, manifested as a flaming jet of hot gases, formed the Galilean moons, the main belt asteroids and the trans-Neptunian objects over the last 6,000 years. Although the mass ejection recently ceased, as evidenced by the termination of the slowing of Jupiter’s rotation (~1930), currently interpreted as a monotonic ‘drift of the GRS, the continuing heat generation is still driving the Jupiter’s temperature excess, the Great Red Spot and the latitudinal wind bands.  The point source of the driving energy, in the otherwise solid frozen planet, is disguised by the large mass of heavy elements rising from the crater, cooling, forming compounds and crystals before reaching the cloud-tops, creating a ‘heat-blanket’ of colored but unidentifiable material.

What Will Juno Find?

Juno orbit at Jupiter

NASA has launched a new probe, Juno, toward Jupiter, because its Galileo and Cassini missions have not answered many questions about the giant planet.  The probe will be placed in a highly eccentric orbit which will allow it to fly between the cloud-tops and the inner radiation belt as close as possible to the surface from pole to pole during each orbit, making it possible to cover the entire planet in 33 orbits.  The long wavelength radiometer will likely get no signal from the MGH surface because it is very cold.  The really exciting find will come when Juno passes close to the crater, because a continual fusion reaction is still burning within it.  All the radiometer signals will spike at about 22 degrees South Latitude and considerably West of the Great Red Spot because the rapid eastward rotation of the planet (1 revoluion per 9.9 hours) ‘drags’ the rising column of gases rising from the crater to the West.  At the same time the microwave signals spike,  a relatively abrupt change in the velocity of the probe, used to detect gravitational anomalies, will indicate the mass void of the crater itself. It would be wise for Juno mission planners to allocate time for additional orbits once the crater is localized, in order to fly directly over it, because the planned orbits are displaced by some 12 degrees Longitude.

What Will NASA Report?

It is difficult to imagine how NASA scientists might manage to misinterpret this data, but because the entire ‘community’ is convinced, to a man, that Jupiter is a hydrogen ‘gas giant’ and consequently that the GRS is a ‘storm’, the danger still exists.  I suspect the ‘anomalous data’ discussed herein will be secreted from the public while they search for an explanation consistent with the ‘accepted’ or ‘standard’ theory.   I am forwarding this blog post to the NASA principal investigators at the date of its publication in order to establish provenance of the ideas present herein and to forewarn them as to what to expect .  Unfortunately, we all have to wait until 2016 before the probe reaches its target.  NASA engineers have done spectacular jobs on mission after mission. The only failing comes in the preconceived notions of the scientists that interpret the data.

The Greek Myth of Venus’ Birth

In the story of Athena’s (Venus) birth, Zeus (Jupiter) lay with Metis, the goddess of crafty thought and wisdom (an invisible impacting body), but he immediately feared the consequences. It had been prophesied that Metis would bear children more powerful than the sire, even Zeus himself.  In order to forestall these dire consequences, Zeus (Jupiter) “swallowed her down all of a sudden.”  But he immediately experienced an enormous headache, so Hephaestus (a god of fire), cleaved Zeus’s head with an axe. Athena (Venus) leaped from Zeus’s (Jupiter’s) head, fully grown and armed, with a shout — and pealed to the broad sky her clarion cry of war. And Mother Gaia (Earth) trembled.

Senet Game Board

This board-game was depicted in many pictographs as early as the Predynastic period (3300 BC*). Although some claim that it was originally ‘fun’ game and only later acquired religious significance, this misconception was the result of decorative symbols that were added on certain squares in later periods.  Senet was based completely upon the astronomical events of Cyclic Catastrophism (CC), which ruled the religious lives of one-hundred generations.

The most obvious aspect of this relationship is the number of squares on the Senet game-board – thirty, the number of years in each cycle of CC, which was common knowledge to every culture in the world for 3,000 years.

The Senet game moves began at the upper left – square-1, moved across the first ten squares, then down to the middle row and back ten squares, crossing to the third row and reversing direction again in a serpentine path.  The number of squares of each move were determined by casting a group of sticks split lengthwise and moving a number of squares equaling the number of sticks facing upward.

Astronomically, square-1  represented the year just after the successful release of priori-Mars (Mars still had its solid core) from one of its geosynchronous orbits.  This was the beginning of a new cycle during which the planet was absent from the Earth in an orbit around the Sun.  Thus, the first fourteen squares of the Senet board were without symbols  - in itself  a corroboration of the CC scenario.  Because this period was less exciting, there was an abbreviated version of the game in which play began on the square-15 and skipped the first fourteen.

Square-15 was known as the square of ‘rebirth’, marking the year of the cycle in which priori-Mars (Horus or Ra) returned and was again captured in its same geostationary orbit of the Earth.  Game-wise this was considered a ‘lucky’ square and may have earned the player a free throw.  The return of the planet was particularly significant because the Egyptians believed (as did other cultures) that each time it (the Duat, the risen land at its north pole) had left the vicinity of the Earth it had carried the souls of the deceased ‘to the gods’,  i.e. to the stars.  As a result, upon its return in late October of the fifteenth year, was a time when seances were held all over the Earth, in hopes of contacting the souls of their deceased loved-ones.  It was from this notion that ‘All Saints Day’ and its derivative ‘Halloween’ were passed down to ‘modern’ times.

Interestingly, the next square, 16, was considered unlucky and resulted in the loss of  turn.  Astronomically, this probably reflected the fact that every approach and capture of priori-Mars involved an element of danger, i.e. the potential for a misaligned approach to the Tibetan-Himalayan complex, as a result of which tidal forces could have caused the oceans to overflow massive land areas before the proper alignment was attained.  This may have been the cause of the flood of Noah around 2250 BC.

During each 15-year geostationary orbit period life got really interesting. The Earth was brightly illuminated day and night by the reflection of sunlight from priori-Mars, which was 500 times the area of the Moon and much closer to the Earth.  But there were many ‘falls’ of innumerable hot rocks, red dust, water and plant life (manna) to Earth as explained in a previous post, caused by convulsions within the planet due to alignments with the Moon and Sun.  The resulting deconstruction led inevitably to its release in the thirtieth year of the cycle.  Leading up to this, square-26 was called ‘rejuvenation’ but more revealing in regard to CC, it was also called ‘The Mummy Workshop’, discussed below in connection with the Sed Festival.

Square-27 was called the ‘Waters of Chaos’.  Astronomically, this probably refers to the events directly related to the release of priori-Mars from its orbit.  At the spring equinox of the 30th year of each cycle, the Sun, Moon and proto-Venus, then in an eccentric orbit, all became aligned with priori-Mars.  Ther indirect tide caused the northern ocean, today known as the  ’Oceanus Borealis’ on Mars, to overflow the sacred land at its north pole, also called ‘the risen land’ or the ‘Duat‘.   The water then gushed into the largest volcanic vent on priori-Mars at its north pole, which had been vacated by the melting of rock and the upward flow of magma for the previous fifteen years, pouring down into its core where it flashed to steam.  The resulting pressure forced the solid core of the planet out through its side, through the largest fault now known as Valles Marineris on Mars.  The protruding solid core first appeared as the ‘Eye of Horus‘, but continued outward until it exited the planet altogether.  This ejection initiated the release of the planet from earth orbit.  The steam explosion within the core also shot an enormous geyser back out through the vent, causing a deluge upon the Earth,  i.e. ‘The Waters of Chaos’.  The water rushing into the vent formed an enormous whirlpool, the last one of which (687 BC) can still be seen as the northern ice cap of Mars.

Ritualistically, the hot, glowing, solid core, which zoomed very fast and low around the Earth to the East (which in another Egyptian text was pictured as the blood-thirsty Hathor killing men in the desert) was imagined, in the Pepi I funerary text, to be the ‘ship’ on which the deceased pharaoh’s soul flew ‘like a falcon’ ‘to the stars’.  Eight days later, according to Pepi I’s funerary text, the solid core caught up to the outer shell and re-entered it.  This recombined form of priori-Mars was known as Re-Horakhty, the ‘sun-god which rose into the dawn’.  Thus the final square, 30, symbolized by a circle with a dot in the middle, represented the reformed, complete planet, ensuring the continuation of the astronomical cycle.

The 30-Year Sed Festivals

A clue to the significance of the thirty squares on the Senet board is present in the ancient Sed Festival, also celebrated at 30-year intervals.  The popular name for which was the ‘Feast of the Tail’.  This name corroborates its link to CC because the ‘tail’ referred to was the long, glowing, comet-like, sulfur-gas tail of proto-Venus, which became more and more promenant as the vernal equinox of the thirtith year approached.

Although no one understands the significance of the astronomical cycles on the rulers of Egypt, the famous British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans came closest, suggesting that the 30-year Sed Festivals were instituted to replace an earlier ritual of “murdering” a pharaoh who was perhaps unable to continue ruling becaause of age or condition.   More interestingly, these may have been ritual executions or sacrifices of the pharaohs to enable their funerary celebrations to coincide with the release of priori-Mars from its geostationary orbit.  This view is suggested by the name of square-26 ‘The Mummy Workshop’ in that, as the 30th year spring equinox approached, the pharaoh’s body would have to have been properly mummified prior to the spectaculor astronomical event.

As explained in a previous post, involving the funerary text of Pepi I [Stairway to Heaven], these spectacular events were considered the means by which the pharaoh’s soul was carried in ‘his ship (the glowing solid core of priori-Mars) to the stars’.  This idea was made possible by the fact that the astronomical cycle was comparable to the length of a human life.  If a reigning pharaoh was ritually sacrificed just prior to a release of the planet, then a new king’s reign could commence at the beginning of the new astronomical cycle and if lucky he could reign for thirty years until the end of the next cycle.  These events were in the minds of those playing Senet.

An obvious problem was that there was no guarantee that any pharaoh would live long enough to complete a thirty-year reign.  One solution was to crown a relatively young man or even a boy at the beginning of a CC cycle to increase the chances that he would reign until the next 30-year event.  Mummification was another solution to this problem, but another ruler would have to fill-in the rest of the 30-year term.  This may have been the reasoning that permitted queen Hatsupet to assume the pharaoh’s position when her husband died, extending their combined reign to 30 years.

Egyptologists believe that after the Predynastic Period, Sed Festivals became ‘jubilees’ celebrated after a ruler had held the throne for thirty years and, rather than sacrificing the reigning pharaoh, celebrated subsequent Sed Festivals every three or four years, in order to rejuvenate the pharaoh’s strength and stamina while remaining on the throne.  But Manetho wrote that Pharaoh Teti, who reigned for only twelve years, was murdered by his own bodyguards for unknown reasons  … and there is a vague mention of Userkare , who may have reigned very briefly before the throne passed to Teti’s son Pepi I.  This is interesting in light of the Pepi funerary text, which makes clear that his funeral coincided with the next release of priori-Mars.

Ancient Egyptian and Vedic texts are invaluable sources of knowledge concerning one-hundred 30-year encounters of Venus, Mars and Mercury (Mars’ former solid iron core) with the Earth in the last 6,000 years.  If fact, the notion of the great speed of Mercury was due to the zooming of the solid core around the Earth at the time of its release.  Because these bodies (gods) dominated the heavens, the ancient world was very different from the modern one.  Ironically, one hundred generations of ancient peoples knew more about the planets than any modern astronomer or astrophysicist.  This ancient knowledge still remains in exquisite detail in the ancient texts, while the ‘great minds’ of today plod arrogantly down the wrong path, in spite of all our space probes and computers.

*The corrected 14C date is 3700 BC.

3. Prepare the wonder-working fabric of the terrestrial and stellar sphere. Having fashioned an earth-globe of wood …

Sphere is singular implying it is both a terrestrial and stellar sphere -
a terrestrial planet like the Earth, but one in the heavens that had bright points of light on the surface.

4. Fix a staff, passing through the midst of it and protruding at either side, for Meru; and likewise a couple of sustaining hoops (kaksha), and the equinoctal hoop.

The published commentator’s remarks are in quotations:
” [Although] a means of illustrating … the mutual relations of the earth and heavens as explained in the previous chapter – and yet not precisely as there explained; for it gives a representation only of the earth and of the one starry concave upon which the apparent movements of all the heavenly bodies are to be traced, and not concentric spheres and orbits [given in the previous chapter].”

Obviously he has already assumed that the features, i.e. asterisms (bha) specified in the description below are stars.  However, the previous chapter describes this earth-globe (bhugola) in verse 32, as the Brahma-egg:

29. This Brahma-egg is hollow; within it is the universe, consisting of earth, sky, etc.; it has the form of a sphere …

30. A circle within the Brahma-egg is styled the orbit of the ether (vyoman): within that is the revolution of the asterisms (bha); …

Here the ether is the atmosphere of priori-Mars, which could be seen encircling the planet, and within it are the asterisms, i.e. on the surface of the planet. Modern scholars believe the asterisms were patterns of stars, like the constellations we know today. As explained in my previous post, they were actually erupting volcanoes in the northern hemisphere of priori-Mars, which formed recognizable patterns and had well-known names as do the constellations.

32. Quite in the middle of the egg, the earth-globe (bhugola) stands the ether, bearing the supreme might of Brahma, which is of the nature of self-supporting force.

33. Seven cavities within it, the abodes of serpents (naga) and demons (asuras), … are the interterranean (patala) earths.

Brahma, which arose from Mt. Meru is in the center, along with seven great volcanoes, which are (correctly) assumed to originate from great magma cavaties beneath them.

34. A collection of manifold jewels, a mountain of gold, is Meru, passing through the middle of the earth-globe and protruding on either side.

Understood to be its axis of rotation.

35. At its upper end are stationed, along with Indra, the gods, and the seven Great Sages, (maharshi); at its lower end, in like manner, the demons (asura) have their place – each the enemy of the other.

Because the Hindus only could observe the northern hemisphere of priori-Mars, this was called the hemisphere of the gods and the southern was considered the hemisphere of the ‘demons’.

36. Surrounding it [Mt. Meru] on every side is fixed next to this great ocean, like a girdle about the earth, dividing the two hemispheres of the gods and the demons.

The commentator interprets this as an incorrect description of the geology surrounding the Aryan lands on Earth because he cannot imagine an ocean in the heavens.

44. … at Meru the degrees of latitude are ninety.

These verses from Chapter XII describe the planet priori-Mars, seen to be a world, with its north pole, i.e. its spin axis pointing toward the Earth.  This was the position of  Mt. Meru, the origin out of which Brahma (or Prajapati), the column of smoke and fire, rose downward toward the Earth.
At the beginning of each encounter with the Earth, all the water in the northern hemisphere was tidally pulled to priori-Mars’ north pole. But as the months passed, melted sub-surface rock began to flow upward and this glowing mass of magma could first be seen beneath the water as a glowing (Brahma-)egg. As it continued to grow, it arose as an island above the water at the north pole “bearing the supreme might [heat] of Brahma”. Thus the ‘risen land’ was surrounded by the northern ocean. Many other volcanoes began to erupt in its northern hemisphere including seven extra-large ones which are recognized in the myth of every ancient culture. The seven maharishis (saptarshayas), the seven sisters of Zeus, i.e. Pleiades etc., where Zeus was the Greek name for Brahma.
Back to Chapter XIII, the construction of the Armillary Sphere.proceeds with a series of hoops, the functions of which are given (to the astute) but the actual locations on the model are not:

5. These [hoops] are to be made with graduated divisions (angula) of degrees of the circle (bhagana) …

6. And by means of the degrees of declination and latitude (vikshepa) marked off on upon the latter – at their own respective distances in declination of Aries etc., three [more]

7. Hoops are to be prepared and fastened …for Cancer, Libra and Capricorn.

The commentator states that “the construction of this passage is excessively cumbrous and intricate” as it indeed is, but then states “Its meaning, however, is free from ambiguity.”, which is nonsense.
The declination hoops are meant to show the visible portion of the surface of priori-Mars in the Aryan lands as it revolved in geostationary orbit above the Himalayas, with the Earth. The solstices were at Aries, when the planet was almost fully illuminated, i.e. at midnight when India faced Aries, and at Libra when the northern hemisphere of the planet was in almost complete darkness at noon in the Aryan lands. The equinox points were the orientations of Vedic people at which priori-Mars was exactly half illuminated, at 6 AM and 6 PM. Thus, although priori-Mars’ north pole (spin axis) remained facing the Earth during each fifteen year encounter, its illumination by the Sun went through a complete cycle like the Moon every day. Considering the area of priori-Mars was some 500 times that of the full Moon, and that its illumination increased to a maximum at midnight, the surface of the Earth was never dark as it was when the planet left Earth, and as it is now between dusk and dawn.

8. And situated in the southern hemisphere are to be made and fastened to the two hoop-supporters … Those likewise of the asterisms (bha) situated in the southern and northern hemispheres, of Abhijit,

The asterism or fixed star Abhijit, was sometimes included and excluded from ancient lists, because it was in the southern hemisphere.  I suggest that because the rotation of priori-Mars was wobbly or precessing, that the enormous volcano Olympus Mons, just below the equator was sometimes visible because of its great elevation.

9 Of the Seven Sages (saptarshayas), of Agastya, of Brahma etc., are to be fixed.

The commentator believes that each of these are to have hoops of their own, I maintain the asterisms are to be marked (fixed) directly on the wooden globe of priori-Mars.

15. Having turned upward one’s own place, the circle of the horizon is midway on the sphere.

16. As covered with a casing (vastra) and as left uncovered, it is the sphere surrounded by the Lokaloka.

“Verse 16 … a circle is by some means to be fixed about the [equator] and the part below [the southern hemisphere] is to be encased in a cloth covering, the upper hemisphere alone being left open. As thus arranged, the sphere is, as it were, girt about by the Lokaloka mountains. Lokaloka in Puranic geography is the boundary … which separates the world (loka) from the non-world (aloka), [the hemisphere of the gods from that of the demons.]“

Comparing Asterisms with Stars

It requires an enormous imagination to consider the Armillary Sphere as a description of the stars in the heavens. This discomfort has been illustrated by a number of ‘papers’ published in Journals such as the American oriental Society, in which great effort has been expended to identify the exact stars corresponding to those constituting the asterisms, based on their coordinates given in the Surya Siddhanta and a number of other ancient texts.  This is done by searching modern star catalogues containing tens of thousands of stars, their positions and brilliance. Although vehemently contested, I have abstracted two comments from such papers, that echo the misgivings of the authors as to their own efforts:

“It is not less difficult in this than in the former case to account for the selection of these stars, among the hundreds equaling or excelling them in brilliancy as objects of special attention to the astronomical observers in ancient India.”

“Why so faint and inconspicuous a star should be found among the few of which the Hindu astronomer have taken particular note is not easy to discover.”

The first five verses explain the terms for and the effects of different alignments of the sun and moon with priori-Mars:

1.  When the sun and moon are upon the same side of either solstice, and when, the sum of their longitudes  being a circle, they are of equal declination, it is styled vaidhrta.

2. When the moon and sun are upon opposite sides of either solstice, and their minutes od declinations are the same, it is vyatipata, the sum of their longitudes being a half-circle.

3. Owing to the mingling of the nets of their equal rays, the fire arising from the wrathfulness of their gaze, being driven on by the provector (Pravaha), is originated unto the calamity of mortals.

4. Since a fault (pata) at this time often causes the destruction of mortals, it is known as vyatipata, or by a different title, vaidhrti.

5. Being black, of frightful shape, bloody-eyed, big bellied, the source of misfortune to all, it is produced again and again.

At this point, the commentator interjects a page-long note, from which I have chosen just a few sentences, confessing that he cannot make any sense of the entire chapter.

” Of all the chapters in this treatise, this is the one which has the least interest and value.  It is styled patadhikara, “chapter of the patas”, and concerns itself with giving a description of the malignant [dangerous] times when the sun and moon have equal declinations, upon the same or opposite sides of the equator. … Why [this time] should be looked upon as so especially important is not easy to discover …  The title of the (pata or ‘fall’) which occurs when the sun and moon are equally removed from the equator upon the same side of it , in vyatipata, which may be rendered “very excessive sin or calamity … “

This undoubtedly would express the incredulous view of any modern astronomer, none of which have any understanding of Cyclic Catastrophism and also leads to the misinterpretation of the original Sanskrit.  Fortunately the interpreter explains his problems with the critical terms, allowing us to better interpret their true physical meaning, in the context of Cyclic Catastrophism.

“The terms translated by us as “upon the same and upon the opposite sides of either solstice” are ekayanagata and viparitayanagata, literally situated in the same and in contrary ayanas“

I suggest that anagata acually meant the disc (mandala) of priori-Mars  as it orbited close to the earth and ayanas meant ‘quadrants’ of that disk.  It was quite large, 500 times the area of the full moon or 11 degrees in diameter, while both the sun and the moon both have angular diameters of half a degree, so when they passed behind it, their actual alignments could not be seen.  Because of the potential danger of massive meteorite falls, it was necessary to predict their exact alignments with the center of planet [disk] priori-Mars,  the calculations for which are given in verses 7 through 15.  If the sun and moon were well separated when they passed behind the planet, the aspect was called vaidhrti, meaning the danger was ‘withheld’.  If close to one another and particularly close to the center of priori-Mars, there was a disastrous fall (vyatipata) of innumerable hot glowing rock bodies to the Earth due to the rapidly changing tidal forces.  These would cause convulsions deep inside the planet and massive glowing hot rocks would be ejected from volcanic vents in its northern hemisphere, which remained oriented toward the earth.

The relatively innocuous word pata (fall) described the falling of meteorites in general, a common occurrence in those times.  Because such falls are rarely observed today, the meaning never occurs  to modern day interpreters. Moreover vyatipata (terrible fall) makes even less sense.

Verse 5 describes the ominous appearance of the planet just before the explosive convulsions.  This was the aspect of the Vedic Rudra, and later Siva in the Hindu Brahma (creator), Vishnu (sustainer)  and Siva (destroyer). Verses 12 through 15 explain how the Vedic priests calculated the times of the start, middle and end of these encounters.

17. While any parts of the disks of the Sun and moon have the same declination, so long is there a continuance  of this aspect (fall), causing the destruction of all works.

This means that if the sun and moon were moving along the same line, as viewed from the earth, while behind priori-Mars the fall will continue.  The commentator takes issue with the original interpretation of verse 17 by Burgess because he cannot understand what disk is being discussed.  He expresses this problem as  follows:

“We have translated verse 17 in strict accordance with the interpretation of it presented in the commentary, although we must acknowledge that we do not see how that interpretation is to be reconciled with the actual form of the text.  The term ekayanagata, which the commentator renders “having equal declination”, is the same with that which in the first verse signified “situated in the same ayana” mandala, although it is sometimes used with the meaning “disk” attributed to it by him, is the word employed in that same verse for a “circle’, or “degrees”; and antara, which he explains by ekadeca, “any part”. never, so far as we know, is properly used in that sense, while it is of frequent occurrence elsewhere in this treatise with the meaning “interval”.  The natural rendering of the line would seem to be “when there is between the sun and moon the interval of a circle, situated in the same ayana.”  This however yeilds no useful meaning, since such a description could only apply to an actual conjunction of the sun and moon.  We do not see how the difficulty is to be solved, unless it be allowed us …  to assume that the text has been tampered with in this verse, and made to furnish a different sense from that it originally had … .”

Actually, no one understands, unless they have read Firmament or my blog posts, that the disk, observed by one-hundred generations of ancient cultures, was a ‘world’ which remained stationary (geostationary) in the heavens above the earth.  This was the mandala, also Indra, Vishnu, Siva, Ra, Horus, Baal, Argo, Nergal, Ares etc.  Verses 19 and 20 provide further corroboration of the Cyclic Catastrophism scenario:

19 when the equality of the declination of the sun and moon takes place in the neighborhood of the equator, the aspect (pata or fall) may then again occur a second time: in the contrary case it may fail to occur.

20. If the sum of the longitudes of the sun and moon, in minutes, on being divided by the portion (bhoda) of an asterism (bha), yields a quotient between sixteen and seventeen, there is another, a third, vyatipata (disasterous fall).

Verse 19 means that if the near conjunction of the Sun and Moon occurs near the center of the north-south dimension of the disk of priori-Mars, 1.e. “the equator”, their alignment with the planet may occur on two consecutive days.  This is because priori-Mars revolved exactly with the Earth, in geostationary orbit, remaining stationary in the heavens, while the Moon revolved around the Earth with a period of 28 to 36 days in Vedic times.   On the first day of conjunction the Moon would be approaching the Sun while both passed behind priori-Mars and on the second day it could be slightly past the Sun but both again being behind the disk, because the disk was about eleven degrees as viewed from the Earth, while the sun and moon both subtend half a degree.

Verse 20 essentially states that if the alignment of the two occurs exactly on the “equator” of priori-Mars it is possible for a disastrous fall to occur on three consequtive days – , as the moon approaches the Sun, when the two exactly coincide and when the Moon is slightly past the Sun but the pair still behind the disk of the planet.  A simple calculation confirms that this is possible.  The exact (second) alignment in this case would correspond with a solar eclipse, but one which could not be viewed by the Aryans because priori-Mars was eclipsing the entire scene.  This explains the ancient’s fear of solar eclipses, which ‘modern’ science ridicules.  The consecutive convulsions could also have been more disastrous because of the opening of large volcanic vents on the previous days.

Another term derided by modern science are asterisms, the declination and ‘right ascension’ of which are given in another chapter of the Surya Siddhanta.  They assume that they are constellations of stars, and claim that the ancient positions were completely incorrect.  The asterisms were indeed patterns of bright lights, but the lights were flaming volcanoes in the northern hemisphere of priori-Mars.  Support  of this comes from another term used to describe these points of light in many ancient cultures – ‘circum-polar stars’. This term implies that priori-Mars’ rotation axis, i.e. its north pole, remained oriented toward the Earth when it orbited Earth.  Verse 21 also involves the asterisms:

21. Of the asterisms (dhishnya) Aclesha (sarpa), Jyeshtha (dindra), and Ravati (paushnya), the last quarters are junctions of the asterisms (bhasandhi); the first quarter in the asterisms following these respectively is called gandanta.

This implies that the severity of vyatipatas was also influenced by the position of certain asterisms relative to the path of the sun and moon behind the planet.  This differed from conjunction to conjunction because the period of priori-Mars’ rotation around its axis was different from its period of revolution around the Earth (exactly one day):

22. In all works, one must avoid the terrible trio of vyatipatas as also the trio of gandantas, and this trio of asterisms.

Modern civilization has no idea of the enormous forces and continual danger with which our ancient ancestors coped between 3700 and 700 BC.  How they ‘avoided’  the terrible vyatipatas is left to our imagination. Fortunately, their daily lives did not depend on the massive infrastructure we require today, so even after these monumental destructions occurred, they buried and mourned their dead and continued their lives.  The falls of innumerable hot meteorites of all sizes would essentially destroy modern cities and the corresponding eruptions of every volcano on the Earth, which this text does not even bother to mention would darken the sky for weeks or months.  The reorienting of the spin axis of the earth that occurred every fifteen years would render all our satellites useless.  Along with them would go cell phones, GPS, the internet, and astronomical observations and agricultural disruptions.

The deaths of millions of our ancestors were the price paid for the rejuvenation of the entire Earth by the water, atmosphere, seeds and mineral deposits blasted to Earth from the formerly living priori-Mars by these same convulsions.   As yet, another great benefit has yet to be realized -  the understanding of the true cosmogony (origin), makeup and recent history of the planets, indeed the entire solar system.  This has been passed down in great detail by all ancient cultures in their texts, such as the Vedas and the Surya Siddhanta, but the arrogant, atheist academia continues to ignore the knowledge in Cyclic Catastrophism because it admits the possibility of a divine intervention in our world.

If no use is made of the labors of past ages, the world must remain always in the infancy of knowledge.         Cicero

http://www.firmament-chaos.com/papers/fvenuspaper.pdf

Because Venus (actually proto-Venus because it has not yet acquired its oceans and atmosphere) is a new planet it is releasing enormous amounts of heat.  Three different Pioneer Venus instruments measurements confirm that Venus is radiating 250 times that being radiated by the Earth.  But a primary mechanism for the release of heat from the super-heated interior is not even imagined by modern science.  It is by the high velocity jetting of hot sulfur 8 (S8, a crown-shaped ring molecule, Figure 3) from over two hundred thousand small domes, imaged (radar) by the NASA Magellan probe (Figure 2), directly to 48 km at which altitude (119.25 C) it becomes monoclinic sulfur. Continuing one or two km higher, rhombic crystals (95.5 C) form.  This reaction is exothermic and reversible.  In fact, the heat released and the resulting turbulence in the lower cloud layer, were noted, but not explained, in the Pioneer Venus report.  The exact coincidence of these temperatures with the altitude of the lower cloud layer leave no doubt to the identification of S8.  Although the lower atmosphere of Venus is at the temperature of gaseous S8, it could not be detected by the PV probe because the S8 molecule mass was beyond the range of the mass spectrometer.

Why is Venus’ Rotation Slowing?
It is the continuous (continuing) high speed ejection of S8 gas through over 200,000 small domes that releases angular momentum from the planet slowing Venus’ rotation. The jetting S8 gas is also the cause of the unexplained source of the high speed, high altitude wind that circles the entire planet in four-days.  This has baffled scientists because there seemed no way that the small amount of angular momentum of the slowly rotating Venus, where a single day takes 243 Earth days, could be transferred to the high altitude clouds.

Lower Cloud Layer
The Pioneer Venus probe failed to identify the the chemical makeup of the lower cloud layer which extends around the entire planet.  This was because the instrument (nephalometer) was based on the assumption that the cloud comprised spherical droplets. The PV final report concluded only that the cloud ‘must be composed of crystals’, which were not identified. This is consistent with the composition of the lower cloud layer suggested herein – crystals which are ‘stacks’ of the crown-shaped (S8) ring molecules. Thus the entire lower atmosphere is primarily S8. Such abrupt element changes with altitude can only occur in a mass-flow environment, that is, the rapid continuous upward flow from the 200,000 plus small domes.  All planetary scientists have accepted the assumption that Venus is ancient, in which case S8 would not be present and the atmosphere would be well mixed.  But the very fact that the lower cloud layer is equally present on the day and night side of the planet on which a day is 243 Earth-days long, proves that it is produced by heat from the interior and not the Sun. This fact should also put to rest the outlandish threat that human environmental action on Earth will result in it becoming another Venus.  Earth was a Venus-like planet, but about 3.9 billion years ago.

High Surface Pressure
The great mass of the heavy S8 in the lower atmosphere is what causes the high surface pressure of Venus, which is 91 times that on Earth, equivalent to a depth of 3000 feet of water.  Not having detected the S8, scientists assume that this pressure is caused by an enormous amount of carbon dioxide, which would have to be some 30,000 times the amount in Earth’s atmosphere.

Carbon Monosulfide (CS) Mistaken for CO2 in Lower Atmosphere
Figure 1 also presents a clue to another atmospheric feature – a red haze which extends upward from about 31 km to the lower cloud layer (50 km).  I suggest that this is due to the crystallization of rising carbon monosulfide (CS), which is known to form small red crystals as it cools through 200 C.  Interestingly, this red haze corresponds to the altitude range through which carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) ‘mysteriously’ disappear from the descending mass spectrometer record.  Since planetary scientists assume that the entire atmosphere of Venus is carbon dioxide, they claimed that the dropout was the result of the mass spec input ‘leak’ being clogged by a droplet of sulfuric acid as it descended through this range, in spite of the fact that other channels continued to register data. The formation of CS crystals in the upward mass flow of the lower atmosphere suggests that the CO2 channel which appeared to begin functioning again below 31 km may have actually been sensing CS gas, since its molecular weight is almost identical to CO2.

Raw Lava on Venus Surface
The Sensitive Radiometer on the main PV probe began receiving strong signals, indicating a high infra red or visible red radiation from the surface, as soon as it descended through the lower cloud layer.  The PV report stated that “signals in all channels increased unreasonably” and, believe it or not, the data was thrown out.  The presence of raw lava on the ground was also indicated when the Soviet Venera landers found that they did not need the lights they had included for photography of Venus’ surface.  This reddish light was not sunlight that had penetrated the clouds, it was light radiating from cracks fillled with raw lava that was being scattered in the lower atmosphere.

Surface Temperature

The thin basalt rock crust which is direct contact with the raw lava interior would be expected to be much hotter than 445, but it is being cooled by the evaporation of the sulfur rain.

The Future of Venus

If the atmosphere of Venus were CO2, then the prospect of it ever becoming an Earth-like planet would be very slim.  But just as the planet has slowed significantly in the last 20 years, it has also cooled somewhat.  As it does, the jetting and therefore the altitude of the lower cloud layer, which defines the inhospitable Hadesphere, has also decreased in this period.  A probe should be sent to measure the rate of this decline.  The reason is that the temperature and pressure just above the lower cloud layer are very Earth-like.  Once this layer reaches the surface, Venus will be cool enough to allow water to condense on its surface, and mankind will begin to explore this newly-born planet, and eventually live there .

Any Prospects of Change?

NASA engineers have done a miraculous job of designing and executing many space missions. The data collected should all be assumed accurate and is available to the entire world community.  But scientists have tried to force the interpretation of the data to fit the preconceived, completely unfounded assumptions of the early planetary scientists.  As a result, nothing taught today concerning the cosmogony, history or composition of the Sun or the planets is correct.  One would like to believe that the very significant slowing of Venus’ rotation would prompt a review of this complete body of knowledge, but so far, the response has been the head-in-the-sand variety.  Are we destined to pass this entire distorted body of misinformation to yet another generation?

H2: The first, and most surprising, is the (new?) notion that Mercury is the former core of a ‘normal’ terrestrial planet.  The hypothesis offered is that a big body collided with this ancient planet and knocked the mantle completely off, leaving only the solid core.  The debris spread throughout the solar system, with as much as 16 million billion tons striking the Earth!  They do acknowledge a slight problem – that there is no big dent in Mercury marking the impact.

CC:  The cyclic catastrophism explanation is that Mercury is the former solid core of Mars, which exited the planet when in the vicinity of Earth only some 2,700 years ago, through the feature on Mars called the Valles Marineris.

H2: The second catastrophe addresses the fact that the rings of Saturn contain 33 million billion tons of water ice, whereas the planet is thought to be hydrogen and a little helium – a ‘gas giant’.   So where did the water come from?  Their scientific guess (hypothesis) is that over 4 billion years ago, a large moon approached too close to Saturn and the icy mantle was stripped off to form the rings, while the rest of the moon fell into Saturn.  This is a bit surprising, given that many scientists believe that the present rings would decay in less than a million years.

CC:  The rings comprise material ejected from Saturn by a number of impacts, which are still occurring today, the rising mushroom clouds from which, scientists call ‘storms’, because they believe Saturn is completely gaseous.  The recently ejected material casts shadows, photographed by Voyager and Cassini probes, on the rings.  This recently ejected ice will take thousands of years to settle into the flat equatorial plane.   The ice is water ejected from Saturn’s surface, which is a low density, solid, methane gas hydrate,  the natural form taken by water in the presence of abundant methane at low temperature and high pressure.  Once released into the atmosphere the same becomes ordinary ice.

H2: A ‘late heavy bombardment’ of the entire solar system was supposedly triggered by the wandering of all the giant planets in and out within the solar system, interchanging orbits and possibly even venturing into the inner solar system. This is thought to have been caused by the gravitational pull of material in the inner solar system that had not yet become incorporated into the terrestrial planets. The only actual evidence for the late heavy bombardment are the large lunar maria, i.e. fourteen large impact basins on the near side of the Moon, the calculated ages of which were obtained by dating Apollo lunar rocks.

CC: These impact basins on the Moon were formed within the last 4,000 years by a rapid sequence of fourteen bodies ejected from the same volcanic vent on priori-Mars (p-Mars) as it orbited the Earth.  This unique event was recorded in the Egyptian story of Osiris and Isis, down to the very number of bodies.  It is consistent with the fact that the impact craters are all on the near side of the Moon.  The different ages of the material in each impact basin was due to the argon-argon dating methods.  Each body came from deeper and deeper in p-Mars and were therefor hotter and hotter, causing differing amounts of the argon gas to escape from each one. In spite of the obvious contradiction due to all the impacts being on the near side of the Moon and the low velocities of the impacts,  astronomers have inflated this event out of all proportion.  In fact, based on these fourteen impact basins a multi-million year late heavy bombardment of the entire solar system has been  fabricated,  Moreover, an entire geologic era called the Hadean, has been ‘invented’ although no Earth rocks from this era are present, because the Earth had not even been created at the calculated dates.  Compounding this misinterpretation, the calculated crater densities versus their dates are currently used to determine the ages of all planetary surfaces in the solar system.

H2: The surface of Mars northern third, called the Borealis Basin was supposedly blasted off the planet by the grazing impact of another planet-sized body at the date of the ‘late heavy bombardment’.  This did not leave the typical crater signature, the edges having been somehow “rounded-off”.

CC: It is interesting to finally hear the uniformitarian hypothesis for the loss of mass from Mars’ northern hemisphere, which the ‘scientific community’ has been avoiding for  years.   The northern third of Mars is some 7 km lower than the rest of the planet – an obvious distortion of the ‘figure’ of the planet, but unfortunately there is no sign of a great single impact.  An impact of the type proposed would have completely changed the rotation of the planet, but it obviously did not.  In Cyclic Catastrophism, priori-Mars (Mars still with its solid core, Mercury) repeatedly orbited Earth between 3700 and 700 BC.  The most unique aspect of these encounters was that its north pole remained pointing toward the Earth.  This orientation was the result of the very large uplifted area, the Tharsis Bulge, on its equator, which had to remain equidistant from the Earth to satisfy minimum energy and gyroscopic laws.  Because Tharsis does not have a ‘balancing’ uplifted mass on the opposite side of the equator, p-Mars rotation was somewhat wobbly (precessing) but nonetheless remained roughly oriented toward Earth.  When p-Mars passed through alignments with the Moon or the Sun and Moon combined, great convulsions occurred within the planet resulting in the expulsion of large hot bodies from the northern third of the planet which faced the Earth, striking Earth, Moon, and Sun.  But many still orbit in Earth approaching orbits and are called the Near Earth Asteroids and short period comets.  The recent loss of this great amount of mass blasted from the northern interior of Mars is what has resulted in the 7 km deep basin called Oceanus Borealis.  The Rig Veda states: ” All existences are a quarter of him; and three-fourths of him are that which is immortal in the sky.”

H2: The Mars Magnetic Disaster is meant to explain why many rocks on the surface of Mars obviously formed in a magnetic field comparable to that on Earth, while the planet now has no global magnetic field.  This, again, is attributed to another impact that heated the mantle so much that convection of liquid iron in the core ceased, and since the magnetic field of planets is thought to originate in their outer core, it was lost.  The loss of protection provided by the magnetic field allowed the atmosphere to also be swept away leaving the barren, dry planet Mars we observe today.

CC:  Proof that planetary magnetic fields originate in their solid cores has been proven by two NASA probes which report that Mercury, the former solid core of p-Mars, does have a dipole magnetic field.  The final ejection of  Mars’ solid core, about 700 BC, through the Valles Marineris, removed the source of its global magnetic field, which arise not in the liquid outer cores, but in superconducting currents in high-pressure superconducting FeH in their solid cores.  As recently as 3700 BC p-Mars was a living planet with oceans, atmosphere and covered with vegetable life.  It was called ‘the great green (body) in ancient Egyptian texts.  Its oceans and atmosphere were blasted off the planet by internal convulsions and captured by the Earth as it orbited within 32,000 km.  The vegetable matter was cooked in the blasts, freeze-dried in space and eventually fell from orbit to the Earth in the form of manna, Soma, Ambrosia and Haoma, which carried the seeds of tens of thousands of new vegetable life to the Earth.  Upon the final separation of its solid core, which became the planet Mercury, the outer shell collapsed in on itself and drifted out to become the dessicated, barren planet we see today.  Because of the great convulsions and hot lava, the magnetism of the remaining rocks is localized and chaotic.

H2: The Mars Super Eruptions produced giant ‘shield volcanoes such as Olympus Mons, which is ten times larger than any on Earth.  This is attributed to Mars’ lack of tectonic plates, resulting in volcanic eruptions remaining in one place rather than being distributed on the surface by the motion of tectonic plates as on Earth.

CC:  The Tharsis Bulge on Mars and the Tibetan-Himalayan complex on were both caused by close passes of proto-Venus which rampaged through the solar system just after its birth some 6,000 years ago.  These close passes caused such enormous tidal bulges on both ancient rocky planets that distorted them into teardrop shapes, the vestiges of which remain today.  No such permanent uplifted areas are present on Venus because at the time of the close encounters it was a roiling mass of liquid rock, which quickly regained its spherical shape after each encounter.  What is extremely interesting is the fact that the uplifted areas on both p-Mars and the Earth played absolutely vital roles in the entire Cyclic Catastrophism scenario, which resulted in the immeasurable revitalizing of the Earth.

H2:  The ‘Great Venus Meltdown’ suggests that Venus is as old as the Earth and began similarly with oceans, atmosphere and possibly microbial life.  Then as the Suns radiation increased about 3 billion years ago it triggered a ‘runaway-greenhouse effect’ (a Carl Sagan invention) which ended up evaporating the entire ocean and continued heating the planet to 900 degrees Fahrenheit.  Another hypothesis is (again?) an impact which stripped off the volatile elements and left the planet with material of much higher vaporization temperature.  Neither of these hypotheses explains the high surface pressure of Venus, which is 91 time that on Earth – equivalent to the pressure at an ocean depth of 3000 feet.

CC:  Venus is a new planet only 6,000 years old, which formed, as do all terrestrial planets, as the result of an enormous impact on Jupiter, still evidenced by the Great Red Spot.  After its explosive creation it was a seething plasma sphere in which the heavy elements collected at the center while lighter elements could not condense.  It is now a roiling sphere of liquid iron and rock with a thin basaltic crust.  Unrecognized by astronomers, it is cooling by jetting sulfur 8 (S8 a crown-shaped ring molecule) from over two-hundred-thousand small domes spread around the planet.  It is the S8 gas and crystals, which from the lower cloud layer, suspended in the lower atmosphere that cause of the high surface pressure, over 91 atmospheres.

The initial impact on Jupiter released primarily oxygen, hydrogen, carbon etc light elements- which form the many volatile compounds which characterize the surface of the Earth.  These compounds still remain floating invisibly in the inner solar system because they cannot yet condense on the high temperature surface of Venus, which properly speaking, is still proto-Venus.

H2: Skipping the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet impacts on Jupiter, we come to the most far-fetched of all ‘catastrophes’, which was probably included to make an even ten.  This states that Jupiter and Mercury will someday attain an orbital resonance that will eject Mercury outward in the solar system, possibly as far as Venus’ orbit.

CC: This is obviously not based on any evidence. Thought I would include it for its humorous content.

The disadvantage of men not knowing the past is that they do not know the present.   Cicero

The primary clue to their recent creation is the relatively large average inclination of their orbits.  The orbits of all the planets lie within about 3 degrees of the orbit of the Earth, which astronomers use to define zero inclination, thus the solar system as a whole is quite flat.  However, the main belt asteroids’ orbital inclinations range up to some 28 degrees, with 90% between 0 and 20 degrees.  Astronomers believe that these are the same kinds of rocky bodies out of which the terrestrial planets accreted 4.6 billion years ago, but that because of the gravitational influence of Jupiter, they were prevented from accreting to form a planet-like body.

The question which modern astronomy avoids is:  If they are 4.6 billion years old, why have they not settled into the flat plane of the solar system, like all of the planets?

Cyclic Catastrophism

The CC scenario the main belt asteroids were ejected from Jupiter at high inclinations by an enormous jet of hot gases within the last 6,000 years, thus have not had time to settle into the plane of the solar system.  The planet Venus was created, as were all the more ancient terrestrial planets, by a high energy impact on Jupiter 6,000 years ago.  Because Jupiter is a frozen, solid, methane gas hydrate body, the impact triggered a fusion explosion so enormous that a plasma cloud, more than one thousand times the size of Jupiter itself, rebounded and the heavy elements within that roiling hot cloud formed the hot planet Venus we see today.

The nuclear fusion initiated in the impact crater on Jupiter continued to burn so fiercely that it sent a jet of flaming gases a million and a half miles out into space, diminishing only slowly over thousands of years.  The jet swept around as the giant planet rotated, cooling, combining, and freezing as the gas expanded out into space.  The most well known satellites of Jupiter, the Galilean moons, formed hot at the time of Venus’ birth in their current synchronized orbits, but were repeatedly coated with material from the jet for millennia. Indeed, the slowly diminishing jet is manifested in the puzzling differences and composition of these four bodies. The jet material striking the outer moons had frozen into large chunks of ice before impacting and causing craters.  The jet was so hot at the radius of Europa in the first few millennia, that only the heavy elements could condense on it forming a rocky-iron core, then with further cooling the great mass of water, which comprised the bulk of the jet was later able to condense to form its ocean surface, which, because of its recent formation, is still fluid beneath the icy surface.on Europa.  Io received the most and the hottest effect of the jet and has always been too hot for water to condense on it.  These moons are not heated by gravitational tugging, but because of their recent fiery birth.

However, because the jet was located at 22.5 degrees south latitude, the position currently well marked by the Great Red Spot, much of the jetted material missed the Galilean moons and accreted (froze) to form all of the main belt asteroids, similar to the bodies which produced the impact craters on Ganymede and Callisto.  As a result of their formation from the body of Jupiter, the main belt asteroids have the same proportion of the elements as the giant planet.  They are primarily water but have a proportional abundance of all the heavier elements, including iron.  As a result of their freezing while still within the magnetic field of Jupiter they each incorporate a permanent magnetic field. These same properties – low density and magnetic fields, have been observed by several close passes of probes.  Since astronomers believe that meteorites, with densities of 3 g/cm^3 are bodies originally deflected from the MAB, they have difficulty explaining the unexpectedly low measured densities, suggesting that they are perhaps not rigid bodies, but are ‘rubble piles’ of rocks held together by gravity.

The Cyclic Catastrophism scenario very nicely explains the high orbital inclinations of the main belt asteroids.  First, by the fact that they were only created recently and therefore have not had time to be slowly drawn into the plane of the solar system.  More quantitatively, it also explains the range of their inclinations.  Three factors come into play: (a) the orbital inclination of Jupiter itself; 1.3 degrees; (b) the inclination of its axis of rotation (obliquity), 3.13 degrees; and (c) the latitude of the Great Red Spot, which marks the crater from which the the gas jetted for some six millennia, -22.5 degrees.  The sum of all these factors, approximately 27 degrees, gives the possible range of inclinations of the bodies which formed from the jet shooting out of Jupiter. The figure above expresses in ’3D’ the orbital inclinations on the left scale as a function of the semi-major axis at the bottom, while the numbers of asteroids is given in the form of a color scale.  Note that the inclinations shown are limited to the precise range consistent the cyclic catastrophism scenario.  The gaps in the semi-major axes are due to gravitational resonances with Jupiter which excluded certain orbits.

The semi-major axes of the main belt asteroids varied considerably due to the rotation (spin) of the planet.  Jupiter now rotates with a period of about ten hours, but rotated considerably faster, perhaps in seven hours before the Venus impact.  The slowing of Jupiter’s rotation which has been taking place recently was due to the angular momentum ejected by the enormous jet over the last six millennia.  The monotonic ‘tail’ end of this rotational slowing, which continued until about 1930, is currently imagined to represent the ‘drift’ of the Great Red Spot, consistent with the belief that only a storm can exist on a gas planet.

Bodies which froze from the jet when directed parallel to Jupiter’s orbital motion were given a higher orbital velocity and thus a larger semi-major axis, in fact these bodies may comprise the Kuiper belt.  The streams ejected in the opposite direction would have attained lower semi-major axes, resulting in highly eccentric orbits of bodies which decay and eventually impact the Sun (Kreutzer ‘comets’), causing sunspots. The fact that these bodies appear as comets as they approach the Sun is due to their high water composition. Those bodies ejected in the intermediate directions probably comprise the majority of the observed main belt asteroids.

Upper left drawing is Jupiter with jet extending upward several planetary diameters

Apparently the jet shooting from Jupiter was still sufficiently large to be observed in the ninth century at which time a drawing of it was included in an Arabic text. This drawing was a classification of (temporary) comets in terms of planetary (permanent) characteristics at that date.  The title of the document is not known, but was probably a short epistle on comets, not a longer text which is termed a Kitab al-Mughni. A really interesting aspect of this depiction of Jupiter is the implication that an Arab culture had astronomical telescopes in the ninth century.

The icy main belt asteroids have nothing whatsoever to do with the rocky-iron near earth asteroids, which are the result of tens of thousands convulsions within priori-Mars as it orbited the Earth only 32,000 km distant, up until 700 BC.

Cyclic Catastrophism

For about fifteen years I have been advocating that the giant planets,  Jupiter,  Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are composed of solid methane gas hydrate,

http://firmament-chaos.com/papers/JupiterOct2008.pdf

The accretion of which begins by ice crystals forming on dust particles and the  subsequent formation of snowflakes, snowballs, planetesimals and after more than 50 million years into frozen giants.  Methane gas hydrate is actually not an uncommon form of water, even found beneath the ocean on Earth.  It only forms under high pressure, low temperature conditions in the presence of large amounts of methane.  It is structurally not compressible as would be true of a gaseous planet, thus accounting for the low average density of the giant planets.  The water molecules form cage structures, most of which contain a methane molecule, accounting for the continual presence of methane in the atmospheres of the giant planets.

But these planets have two additional properties which have enabled the production of  the  terrestrial planets in our solar system.  (a) A fraction of the cages of water molecules encapsulate all the heavy elements that were present in the nascent solar system, before any terrestrial planets formed.  (b) The massive presence of hydrogen and deuterium and the high atmospheric pressure at their surfaces, results in unimaginably large fusion explosions when large high-speed bodies impact their surfaces.  The resulting plasma cloud, easily a thousand times the size of the giant planet and over 10,000 K, rebounds and rapidly contracts forming a hot, high density proto-planet.   This process produced the planet Venus only 6,000 years ago.

The overwhelming concentration of hydrogen and oxygen ejected by the impacts produces massive amounts of water, which remains undetected in the solar system until captured by the proto-planet when it cools, or by extant terrestrial planets in the system.  Evidence for the influx of water on Earth from the recent creation of Venus lies in the small ‘house-sized’ comets which are estimated at hundreds of tons per day.  Because the entire Cyclic Catastrophism scenario is not known to modern astrophysics, these comet sightings have resulted in enormous controversy, causing Prof. Louis Frank to be publicly scorned and ostrasized.  I maintain that these ‘comets’ are low density, snowflake-like conglomerationss because they formed a weightless environment.

Assuming the exoplanet  (GJ 1214b) is a methane gas hydrate planet similar in size to Neptune,  which only form far from the parent star where it is very cold, the question remains whether the exoplanet formed farther from the star and been perturbed into its current orbit, or whether it has recently been captured from another system.  These planets normally have an average density of 1.0 but because they have a rocky-iron core, the evaporation of the methane gas hydrates would cause a planet GJ 1214b to have a higher density, consistent with the estimated 2.0.

A related observation is that of CW Leonis, which has been observed to be surrounded by a cloud of warm water vapor.  This expanding red giant has been evaporating its giant methane gas hydrate planets one at a time sending repeated blasts of water outward, the more distant ones are pictured as ‘dust’, but are actually water ice crystal. as it expands.

Consensus Science?

Michael Chrichton wrote astutely about scientific consensus:

In science consensus is irrelevant. …  The greatest scientists in history are great precisely because they broke with the consensus. There is no such thing as consensus science. If it’s consensus, it isn’t science.  If it’s science, it isn’t consensus. Period.

This difference is inferred by studying the velocity and attenuation of waves generated by earthquakes at a number of  seismic stations around the world.  In keeping with the uniformitarian paradigm, geophysicists feel impelled to devise a steady-state explanation, i.e. some process that has been on-going for at least millions of years.  Monnereau et al. hypothesize that the asymmetry “implies an eastward drift of the [solid iron] core material, driven by crystallization in the Western Hemisphere and melting in the Eastern Hemisphere”.

In this model the ‘grains’ of iron in the core, grow in size from tens of meters to hundreds of meters as they move slowly from West to East.  They infer the size, and thus the relative ages of the grains by their scattering of seismic waves.  The interesting aspect of this hypothesis is that the older, translated grains, are exposed in the Eastern Hemisphere by melting of the top layer of the solid core.  Since the current data amount to a mere snapshot of the process they are not able to determine the time scale of this translation, suggesting that it takes 100 million years up to a billion years.  Of course the core has grown throughout this period.

Cyclic Catastrophism

The CC scenario, observed and reported upon by one hundred generations of mankind, suggests that the melting of the outer layer of the inner core occurred during the Vedic Period (3700 to 700 BC) due to one hundred extended encounters with the planet priori-Mars (Mars and Mercury, its ancient core) during each of which it remained in a geostationary orbit directly above Mt. Kailas in Tibet for fifteen years at a time. The tidal force of this huge body, only 44,000 km (center to center) from the Earth caused extensive sub-surface melting of rock in the Eastern Hemisphere, as evidenced by the layer of molten rock still present just below the surface of Tibet (which remains unexplained by geophysicists to this day).   This same subsurface melting extended to great depths, accounting for the melting of the outer layer of the solid core of the Earth, thereby exposing the larger, older grains in the Eastern Hemisphere of the core, without the need for the complex, unexplained transport of material within the core.  Since this force was removed only 2,700 years ago, but a moment in geologic time, its effects would certainly still be present.

For all you aspiring astrophysicists who have not been exposed to Cyclic Catastrophism, who are just salivating to explain that a geostationary orbit above Mt. Kailas, at 30 degrees north latitude, is impossible, let me add that the spin axis of the outer rigid shell of the Earth shifted to Hudson Bay during each encounter, bringing Tibet to a temporary ‘equator’ and also accounting for the enormous North American glaciation centered there.

A man cannot cross the same river twice, because the water is not the same and neither is the man.