Acksblog

Atlantis: The Lost Continent Finally Found by Prof. Arysio Nunes dos Santos,  www.atlan.org/faq/,  is one of literally hundreds of books and web sites that claim to have found the legendary continent of Atlantis somewhere on Earth.  Were it on Earth in ancient times the question arises:   If Atlantis was in the middle of the Pacific,  Atlantic or Indian oceans, how did all these cultures know its geographical details, as presented by Plato?  The reason so many ancient cultures agreed on the details of Atlantis was because they could all see it centered on priori-Mars, which was suspended stationary in the heavens, 500 times the size of the full Moon. Atlantis was an island at its north pole,  also known as the ‘risen land’ in Egyptian myth. Although I do not agree with Professor dos Santos, I would like to address several of the points raised in the FAQ page of his website.  Below I quote his questions and answers (bold) and then follow with my own comments.

Q: What is the importance of Atlantis for Mankind?

A: Atlantis is the source of all Religion, all Science and all races and civilizations. Its discovery now, at the very dawn of the Millennium, has been predicted from deepest antiquity, and is indeed the true message of the Gospels and other such Holy Books. The discovery of Atlantis brings back the hope of rebirth of the Golden Age, with its promise of universal peace, harmony, love and happiness for all Mankind. It will also cause a major revolution in our view of the world and of both our past and our future. All this is to happen now, as we enter the Third Millennium, the Age of Aquarius.

It is true that ‘Atlantis’ was the source of all Religion, all Science and all races and civilizations, and also true that its understanding will signal a Golden Age, but not that of Greek myths.  The connection with Christianity is made clear in the Bible where Atlantis is referred to as the firmament and heaven:
(Gen 1:7-8 KJV) And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.  And God called the firmament Heaven.

Q: What is the difference between Atlantis and Lemuria?

A: Lemuria was the archetypal Atlantis, the same as Eden or Paradise, the site of origin of both Mankind and Civilization.  From there, the Lemurian Atlanteans colonized the nearby region of India, which became its “twin” and partner. …

The association of Atlantis with Eden and Paradise reinforces the Biblical passage above, but goes a step further, indicating that it was Eden, the garden from which mankind was banished.  The implication of this is that mankind, or our progenitors, originated on priori-Mars, which was as close as 33,000 km for a total of 1500 years.  In addition, the hardened lava column which extended down toward the Earth from the island at its north pole was imagined to be an axis, called the Axis Mundi (plural), the axis which connected the two worlds, thought to be ‘twins.’.

Q: What does the name of Atlantis signify?

A: The first thing to keep in mind is that mythical terms have a number of different etymologies, and are often interpretable in different tongues, into which they were adapted when the myths were introduced locally. For instance, Atlas means, in Greek, “the one who could not (a-) withstand (tla) [the skies].” Atlas was deemed the “Pillar of Heaven”, that is, its support. When Atlas became overburdened, the skies fell down, burying Atlantis. The names of Atlas and Atlantis originally came from the Sanskrit (the Holy Language of India) name of their Hell called Atala. This word means “Deprived of its Pillar” (a-tala) or, conversely “Bottomless” or, rather, “Sunken to the Bottom”….

Atlas was the ‘pillar of Heaven’ which rose above the island which was called Atlantis, or ‘daughter of Atlas.’  The pillar, Atlas, was the great hardened lava column which extended down toward the Earth when priori-Mars was in geosynchronous orbit.  In this position, it was imagined to be a deity that prevented priori-Mars, stationary in orbit above the Himalayas, from falling to the earth.  The ‘hell’ was the complex ‘netherworld’ of Egyptian myth, which was imagined to exist below the surface of priori-Mars, the entrance to which was revealed when the hardened lava column collapsed.

The Sanskrit Atala refers to the periods when the pillar collapsed.  The complexity of the Egyptian netherworld was emphasized at the end of each 15-year encounter when the solid core of the planet was drawn out through the Valles Marineris, at the equator, becoming the ‘Eye of Horus’ or Ra (Egyptian) and  Cyclops (Greek).  Subsequently it exited the planet completely becoming Hathor (Egyptian), Hermes (Greek) and Mercury (Roman), which zoomed close to the Earth before rejoining the mantle as it moved away from the Earth.

Q: Is there a connection between Atlantis and the Great Pyramid?

A: Yes. The Great Pyramid – and indeed the pyramids the world over – represents the Holy Mountain, which is no other than Mt. Atlas, the Pillar of Heaven that was the central feature of Atlantis. Mount Atlas was in reality the giant volcano whose explosion destroyed Atlantis, causing the Flood and the end of the Pleistocene. In India, this Holy Mountain – which exists in most traditions – is called Mt. Meru, the Holy Mountain of Paradise.

In Judeo-Christianism, the Holy Mountain is variously allegorized as Mt. Zion, Mt. Sinai, Mt. Golgotha (or Calvary), and so on. In the Egyptian tradition, the dead god buried inside the Holy mountain represented by the Great Pyramid is Osiris, the exact counterpart of Shiva and Atlas, the gods who personify the Holy Mountain itself, as the “Pillar of Heaven”. Osiris also personifies the dead multitudes of Atlantis, our ancestors killed by the terrible cataclysm that destroyed our pristine Paradise. For gods are indeed no other thing than the paideuma of nations, and die when they go, as Atlantis did. It is in his quality of living Osiris that pharaohs were sometimes buried inside pyramids.

Actually, the Great Pyramid was built to provide the population an earthquake-proof’  lifeboat to prevent being swept away by the rapid flooding that resulted from each capture of priori-Mars, when the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea swept across Egypt.  This was true also for the tells and ziggurats.  This also explains the motivation of the people to build these structures.

The Holy Mountain or Mount Atlas was not a volcano and not the ‘pillar’ – a mountain is not a pillar.  The pillar was a unique hardened lava column at the north pole of priori-Mars.  Its great height is depicted in the Egyptian bas relief in the figure in my post on The Origin of Avatar.  It was relatively fragile, consisting of hundreds of vertical lava tubes intertwined, supported primarily by the tidal force of the nearby Earth.

Mt. Atlas surrounded the base of the pillar, having been formed by the debris which resulted from its many collapses, which occurred when priori-Mars suffered large convulsions due to alignments with the Moon, or Sun and Moon combined.  This process was described in the Vedas as resembling a snake shedding its skin because when it collapsed fresh lava would soon begin shooting from its base, beginning the process of rebuilding the column.  Because of its uniqueness, great height, centered position, the flames that shot from the top, and great tornados which writhed around it, the pillar was seen as the primary deity in every ancient culture – Zeus, Atlas (Greek), Osiris, Shu the uplifter (Egypt), Purusha, Prajapati (Vedic), Brahma (Hindu) and Buddha.  Atlantis was the raised island at the north pole of priori-Mars, from which the pillar, Atlas, rose during each capture of priori-Mars where it was observed by everyone in the world for some 3,000 years.

Modern culture has found a new ‘buzz’ word, Avatar.  It is used as a sign or a symbolic representation of a person in blogs and forums.  But no one in the world knows the origin of Avatar, or the plural Avatara (in Sanskrit).  To understand these ancient words, or concepts, one must understand the ancient world during the Bronze and Iron ages when all three of the other terrestrial planets, Mars, Venus and Mercury, were within 33,000 km of the Earth.

In my Biblical or cyclic catastrophism, the most ancient terrestrial planet, priori-Mars, approached and became captured in a geosynchronous orbit for fifteen years and was released into its planetary orbit for an equal period of time.  This cycle occurred one hundred times, between 3700 and 700 BC, and was initiated by Jehovah in order to transfer all the water, atmosphere and innumerable seeds from this formerly living planet to the Earth in order to support our present great population.

Each time priori-Mars was captured in orbit a number of events occurred on its surface which were observed by millions of people.  These included tidal flooding, wide spread volcanism, and when the two bodies passed through alignments with the Moon, or Moon and Sun combined, great convulsions within the planet shot large glowing bodies into the solar system.  When in this orbit, priori-Mars appeared 500 times the size of the full Moon, and was the ‘talk of the town’ – the TV for the entire world.

Upon each capture, all of the water in its northern hemisphere flowed to its north pole, which remained pointing toward the Earth, forming what scientists now call the Oceanus Borealis or northern ocean.  More slowly, but inexorably, the tidal force of the Earth reduced the pressure on the subsurface rocks at its north pole.  They began to melt and the magma was drawn toward the surface through many cracks resulting from Marsquakes.  This magma first appeared within the northern sea, and was seen as a glowing ball of lava.  This was the ‘mundane egg’, a universal concept in all ancient cultures, as can easily be seen by Googling the term.  This ball of lava grew and grew, as illustrated in the Hindu myth of Manu who found a small fish in his sink and put it in a jar.  But the fish kept growing, so he put it in a fishtank, a river, a lake and finally in an ocean.  Manu finally realized that the fish was Brahma himself.  What this and many similar myths mean is that the ball of magma grew until finally it rose above the surface of the Oceanus Borealis at the north pole of priori-Mars.  The ancient Egyptians celebrated the appearance of this ‘risen land, which marked the ‘first time.’’

These same events occurred at every capture of priori-Mars and the peoples of the world knew the sequence of events that were to follow because they were repeated every thirty years – for one hundred generations.  Each time the magma first appeared above the waters, the resulting land took on a different shape.  The Hindus named each one based on the animal that it resembled, such as a fish, a boar, a turtle.  There were probably one hundred all together – one for each capture of priori-Mars.  Each of these was originally called an Avatara of Brahma, but later favoritism toward Vishnu prevailed and the same became Avataras of Vishnu.  In the Hindu period the true nature of the  events of the Vedic period were already being lost and more and more such ‘revisions’ appear in the Maharabata, Puranas, and Upanishads.  It was called Ta-tenen , meaning ‘risen land’, in Egyptian myth where it was imagined to resemble a crocodile or hippopotamus, animals with which they were familiar.

Ackenaten worshipping Aten, priori-Mars with hardened lava column extending down toward Earth.

The reason these should be called Avataras or incarnations of Brahma was that the lava flow continued to increase until, eventually, a giant hardened lava column grew as high as 1,000 kilometers from the north pole of priori-Mars.  This unbelievable height was only made possible by the great tidal force of the nearby Earth.  This was Brahma, the most imposing of all the features on the surface of priori-Mars and therefore the most important deity in every culture. It was Prajapati or Purusha in the Vedas, Osiris in Egyptian myth, Zeus in Greek myth.  It was also Atlas in Greek and Shu, the uplifter, in Egyptian myth, because extending down toward the Earth, it was thought to be the deity that was holding up priori-Mars, which remained stationary in the heavens, preventing it from falling to Earth.  Egyptian art of the Amarna era clearly shows the enormous size of this feature in relation to the planet itself.

The true understanding of the solar system begins with the giant planet Jupiter.  Many myths detail the great impact on Jupiter, out of which proto-Venus rebounded, only 6,000 years BP (Before the Present).  At the highest conceptual level, the birth of Venus reveals that (a) Jupiter is solid, not a gaseous planet as currently believed, and (b) demonstrates that the terrestrial planets are formed as the natural result of such impacts.

These startling revelations are merely the tip of the iceberg, from which a tremendous number of new ideas concerning the solar system have logically evolved. The events immediately following the birth of Venus explain that the heavy elements released from within Jupiter immediately congregate at the center of the rebounded plasma cloud and eventually form the solid body of the planet with an ‘iron’ core.  Iron meteorites, which are all from the liquid core of priori-Mars (now Mars) verify the presence of other heavy elements such as nickel and molybdenum.

The currently accepted theory of gradual accretion of terrestrial planets from dust in the inner solar system has great difficulty in explaining how most of the iron and nickel got into their cores. The best explanation conventional science can muster is that, in spite of the great time involved (20 million years), the Earth was completely melted as a result of a period of rapid bombardment, plus the heating due to short-lived radioactive elements.

The low density of Saturn, 0.7g/cm^3, implies that it comprises pure (solid) methane gas hydrate with a thick atmosphere. The higher density of Jupiter, 1.33/ cm^3, is due to the presence of all the heavy elements in the nascent solar system, except for those now incorporated in the terrestrial planets, its satellites, the main belt asteroids and the ‘invisible’ asteroids in highly eccentric orbits which produce sunspots. The few close approaches of man-made probes to main belt asteroids have shown that, in spite of their low density, they possess magnetic fields, therefore iron.  Similarly, the magnetism of the asteroids which produce sunspots change the superficial magnetic field of the Sun at each solar maximum, as I have explained in a recent post.

The mass of Jupiter equals 318 Earth masses, comprising primarily water in the form of solid methane gas hydrates.  This is consistent with the continual presence of methane in the atmospheres of all the giant planets, since methane is destroyed by sunlight when high in its atmosphere.  Because these planets are frozen, the methane would not be present in their atmospheres but for the nuclear fusion conflagration still underway in recent impact craters, such as the crater out of which Venus was formed 6,000 years ago.  These heat only the atmospheres and the heavy elements color them, spreading the heat evenly around the planets. Unfortunately, astrophysicists currently believe that they are hot gas giants composed primarily of hydrogen and helium.

Based simply on the average density of pure gas hydrates, ~0.9 g/cm3, Jupiter’s solid body contains about 215 Earth masses of pure methane gas hydrates and 103 Earth masses of heavy elements encapsulated in the clathrates. The great amount of iron (~6.3 Earth masses) in Jupiter is evidenced not only by the large iron cores of the terrestrial planets, the planet Mercury (originally the solid core of Mars), but also by the fact that Io, formed in the aftermath of the great impact from which Venus was born, has been found to have an iron core with a radius of 900 kilometers – an embarrassing fact which astrophysicists cannot explain. The mass of hydrogen in Jupiter is 27 Earth masses, while the mass of oxygen is 170 Earth masses and carbon makes up 19 Earth masses.  In terms of abundances, the hydrogen atoms out-number the oxygen atoms, roughly 2.6/1, greater than 2/1 due to the methane, CH4, and the H2 in the atmosphere.  Because of the ‘gas giant’ theory, the currently accepted ratio of hydrogen to oxygen for the solar system is 120/1, forty-seven times greater.

What does this revised abundance of heavy elements in the solar system imply about the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun?  It turns out that the solar oxygen abundance is currently a matter of controversy.  Astronomers define it as A(O)= log (N(O)/N(H))+12, the log to the base ten of the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen atoms, plus a scaling constant. The values of various investigators range from 8.5 to 9.0.  These estimates are based upon detailed observation of spectral lines from the photosphere of the Sun. The problem is that oxygen, being sixteen times heavier than hydrogen is believed to have settled toward the interior of the Sun so its total abundance can only be inferred from its surface abundance.  The ratio of 1/2.58 derived from the methane gas hydrate model, gives the oxygen abundance in Jupiter of A(O) = 11.58, whereas the currently accepted value for the solar system (1/120) gives A(O) = 9.92, just above the range of current values for the Sun abundance from spectral line analysis.

Iron, being much more dense, settles even further beneath the surface of the Sun. Unbelievably, the element abundances of the non-volatile elements in the Sun are based on those of the Average Carbonaceous Chondrite (AVCC) meteorites studied in the laboratory.  This travesty is based on the similarity of the AVCC spectra with the absorption spectra in the atmosphere of the Sun.  As I have explained many times, these meteorites were all blasted from the northern third of priori-Mars within the last 6,000 years and most of them have fallen, and are still falling, into the Sun’s atmosphere, providing the illusion that their absorption spectra represent that of the Sun itself.

My proposal that the oxygen abundance in the solar system, and by inference, all the heavy elements, is much greater than currently believed does not necessarily mean that the Sun abundance is higher, because a much larger proportion of hydrogen could have been lost from the system before the giant planets even formed.

But there is a another, very interesting reason why the heavy element abundance in the solar system might be greater than that of the Sun itself, which no one has previously suggested.  The material from which the Sun formed, contracted gravitationally from a slowly rotating cloud, but as it contracted its spin became more and more rapid.  The solar nebula from which the planets all formed was released from the equatorial regions of the Sun to shed angular momentum and reduce the spin rate. Thus the early Sun acted as a centrifuge, spinning off the heaviest elements, which had not yet settled toward the center.  As a result one would expect that the planets would indeed contain a higher proportion of heavy elements than the Sun.

(1 Cor 1:19-20 KJV) For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent.  Where is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer of this world? hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world?

This was announced as the finding of Greg Holland, Martin Cassidy of the University of Manchester, UK and Chris Ballentine of the University of Houston.   It is satisfying for me to see that uniformitarian scientists are ‘coming around,’ but they have a long way to go.  For example, their paper in 11 December edition of Science Magazine begins with a summary of the standard model of terrestrial planet formation, i.e. that they initially formed by accretion of dust (heavy element) particles in the inner solar system.  Another error is the notion that the dust particles somehow morphed into carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, and that they represent the primordial make-up of the Earth.  The third is the assumption that the solar spectrum represents the early makeup of the nebula from which the terrestrial planets formed.  This absorption spectrum is primarily that of billions of carbonaceous chondrites, ejected from priori-Mars in the last 6,000 years, which have fallen into the solar atmosphere.

The research that led to the conclusion stated in the title of this post, involved the comparison of heavy noble gas (krypton and xenon) isotope ratios from the interior of the Earth and from the atmosphere.  These ratios provide the ‘purest’ measure of relative concentrations of heavy versus light elements, eliminating many variables, plus they are noble gases, i.e. they do not react with other elements to form compounds. The CO2 samples used were collected from the Bravo Dome gas field in New Mexico.

The ratios of lighter to heavier isotopes of Kr and Xe indicate that the ratio of heavier ones to lighter ones is greater in the mantle than in the atmosphere.  The authors state that their finding discounts the notion, held by some scientists, that the oceans were originally incorporated in the entire body of the Earth and came to the surface via volcanic eruptions.

The authors sum up their conclusions as follows:
“Taken together, the Kr and Xe data are consistent with the early mantle acquiring a composition that is mass-fractionated and depleted in the lighter isotopes relative to the solar nebula.  A source that provides both this signature and a mechanism of delivery to the early earth is accretion of meteoric material similar to the Average Carbonaceous Chondrite (AVCC).” [Here they assume the AVCC composition represents the original solar nebula.]

One author added in an interview: “Therefore the atmosphere and oceans must have come from somewhere else, possibly from a late bombardment of gas and water-rich materials similar to comets.”  This is a reference to the putative late heavy bombardment, dated at about 4 billion years BP, which supposedly formed the lunar maria.  However, the accumulation of the oceans via comets has been rendered highly improbable by recent studies of comets revealing that they are not primarily water but rock with aquifers which eject a small amount of water vapor providing their visibility.

The materials comprising the early Earth were blasted out of Jupiter by an enormous impact some 3.9 billion years ago, and are all ‘from outer space’.  The plasma sphere which rebounded from Jupiter immediately contracted with the heavier elements becoming concentrated toward the center (mass fractionation).  Inevitably a tiny amount of the heavy noble gases were trapped in the interior as the Earth cooled. Even though the difference in mass between the heavier and lighter isotopes is minute, slightly more of the heavier isotopes became trapped in the interior than in the atmosphere and oceans.

Most of the lighter elements, which characterize the biosphere, were preferentially lost to space due to the great heat of the flaming proto-Earth, but remained floating in the inner solar system and eventually settled on the surface once the planet cooled sufficiently. The lighter isotopes of the heavy noble gases therein comprise a higher proportion in the atmosphere.

Jupiter is primarily water in the form of methane gas hydrates, explaining the formation of the vast oceans of our planet. But the great heat of the proto-Earth caused the preferential loss of hydrogen while the fire-ball was essentially an atomic soup – too hot for any compounds to exist.  The oxygen freed from water and the nitrogen freed from ammonium hydroxide formed our atmosphere.  Similarly, the carbon released from methane formed the basis of life on Earth.

Although the Bronze and Iron age influx of the oceans and atmosphere from priori-Mars included some material blasted from deep in its interior, its atmosphere and oceans far outweighed the amount from the interior, and would not alter the findings of the cited paper.

My recent cyclic catastrophism explains many unanswered questions concerning the solar system.  The retrograde rotation of Venus is one such question.  In the recent catastrophism scenario proto-Venus formed only 6000 years ago as the result of a massive impact on Jupiter.  The resulting plasma cloud was initially a thousand times the size of Jupiter itself but it quickly contracted to an extremely bright star-like body, which fell into a highly elliptical orbit around the Sun.  The heavy elements immediately contracted to form the planet although the interior today remains a cauldron of very hot liquid covered by a thin basalt crust.  This explains how the iron cores of terrestrial planets form, something that astrophysicists still cannot satisfactorily explain.  The lighter elements, including those that characterize the surface of the Earth and the atmosphere, were lost to interplanetary space by Jeans (thermal) escape.  These were dominated by hydrogen and oxygen, which comprise the bulk of Jupiter in the form of methane gas hydrates. Once Venus cools, these will be recaptured forming its surface, salty oceans and atmosphere.

The orbit of Venus was rapidly reduced by braking at perihelion, due to tidal distortion of its fluid body and magnetic braking due to its highly ionized makeup at temperatures greater than 10,000 K.  It also exchanged orbital energy and angular momentum with the most ancient planet, which I call priori-Mars, ejecting it from its interior orbit, similar to that of Venus today, into an orbit which crossed the Earth’s orbit.  After scorching the Earth and overturning its mantle twice in a few decades – a process that essentially wiped clean the Earth of the sub-human species present before that date, there was a spectacular ‘battle’ between Venus and priori-Mars in the vicinity of the Earth, which is graphically recorded in ancient myths.  This three-body interaction finally reduced the orbit of Venus to one that no longer crossed that of the Earth, but was still quite eccentric, influencing subsequent encounters of priori-Mars with the Earth for 3000 years  -  specifically the releases of the former from each fifteen year period in geosynchronous orbit.

The spectacular encounter created uplifted areas on the surfaces of both priori-Mars and proto-Venus as their tidal forces stretched one another into teardrop shapes.  Due to priori-Mars relatively rigid outer shell this distortion remained in its crust in the form of the uplifted Tharsis Bulge and a global rift system, the most obvious feature of which is the Valles Marineris.  Because Venus was still essentially a hot fluid sphere, the uplifted area on Venus, Aphrodite Terra, settled significantly and is not nearly as high as Tharsis.

Interestingly, there is a recognized resonance between the retrograde rotation (‘backward’ spin) of Venus and its orbital position relative to the Earth which baffles astrophysicists to this day.  At each inferior conjunction of Venus (Sun, Venus and Earth aligned) exactly the same longitude on Venus is oriented toward the Earth.  It seems as though the tidal force of the Earth is tugging on the Aphrodite terra, causing this alignment, but all the astrophysical calculations indicate that the current uplift is not sufficiently high for the Earth to have such an influence.

Both the retrograde rotation of Venus and the rotational resonance are due to the encounters between the Earth and Venus during the Vedic Period (Bronze and Iron Ages).  Because proto-Venus was initially a fluid sphere it had no rotation, but by the time of the interaction with priori-Mars, which reduced its orbit to an eccentric one remaining inside the orbit of the Earth, a thin crust had formed.  The near-Earth encounter with priori-Mars uplifted Aphrodite Terra, which was probably higher in the millennia after the encounter than it is now, i.e. it has since settled, again, because the interior is still fluid.  Because it was in an orbit inside that of the Earth, it moved past the Earth from east to west at inferior conjunctions (closest approach to the Earth).  The tidal attraction of the Earth on Aphrodite Terra was such that Venus was given a tidal impulse in the retrograde direction at each conjunction as shown in Figure 1.  This orbital relationship remained in place for some 3000 years, during which time the retrograde rotation and the synchronisation of Venus’ rotation with the position of the Earth became established and remains to this day.  This is just one of many solar system features that is explained by recent catastrophism and can never be explained by the currently accepted atheistic uniformitarian paradigm.

Tidal force of Earth induced Venus retrograde rotation at each conjunction

This recent much-vaunted announcement is actually a confirmation of a twenty-year-old hypothesis.  This ocean was named Oceanus Borealis by Vic Baker in 1991.   A number of planetary scientists have reserved judgment on the existence of this ocean, but the greater extent of the mega-outflow channels leading toward this ocean, recently published, lend credence to its past presence. One difficulty, which is seldom discussed in the scientific literature, is the fact that the polar regions of an already frozen planet are the least likely place for a liquid ocean to form.   Unfortunately, all the astrophysicists in the world fail to recognize the simple explanation of the dilemma of liquid water on Mars – that it was in an orbit much closer to the Sun for billions of years.  Even if this is understood, the obvious question is: Where did all the Martian water go? A few planetary scientists still hold onto the futile hope that the vast ocean is now hidden in the permafrost below the surface of Mars.

The recent announcement is based on a more thorough study of the Martian terrain using data collected from existing probes orbiting the planet, by a Northern Illinois geography professor Wei Luo.   His group has found that the network of outflow channels leading to the ocean is much more extensive than previously thought, thereby helping establish the presence of the vast northern ocean.

In an interesting coincidence, the same hydrologist, Professor Victor Baker, who coined the term Oceanus Borealis, has recently published a book titled Megaflooding on Earth and Mars. In this book, the authors discuss  the megafloods in northwestern US, originally interpreted by Harlan Bretz as outflows from melting glaciers toward the end of the ice age, and the megafloods indicated by the outflow channels observed on Mars. (Megafloods are defined as greater than one million cubic meters per second.)

In spite of the promising title, the book merely discusses the magnitudes of the megafloods on Mars and Earth and proposes that both might be the result of alternate warming and freezing.  The authors still take the currently accepted line that the megafloods on Mars occurred billions of years ago, in the Noachian geologic epoch (4.5 to 3.5 billion years BP).   The naming of this epoch is ironic, since the megafloods were actually occurring during the time of Noah, roughly 2800 BC.  Actually, the megafloods on both planets occurred as a result of one hundred fifteen-year encounters between the two planets, which occurred between 3700 and 700 BC.  Thus geologists also have the wrong date for the NW United States megafloods, which they date in the late Pleistocene (before 12,000 BP) because they think that that glaciation corresponded with the putative earlier ice age.

In my proposed recent cyclic catastrophism scenario the megafloods in the northwest United States and on Mars were not only concurrent, but were causally related.  The reason for the great extent of the Martian outflow channels was that each time it was captured in its geosynchronous orbit, at a surface-to-surface distance of only 33,000 km, the tidal force of the Earth caused (a) its north pole to remain oriented toward the Earth and (b) as a result drew all the water in its northern hemisphere toward its north pole. The power of this tidal force is evidenced by the enormous flows on Mars, estimated to have been as large as a billion cubic meters per second with velocities as great as 170 miles per hour, making them orders of magnitude greater than the megafloods in the NW United States.

The largest megafloods on Earth, which occurred in response to the tidal force exerted by Mars upon each approach, are as yet unknown to Earth scientists.  At these times Mars’ tidal force drew all the water from the Mediterranean, Red, Black, Caspian Seas and the Persian Gulf across land toward Mt. Kailas, but because of the elevation of the terrain it ended up covering northern India to a depth of 5000 feet.  Its elevation is marked by the Siwalik formation in the Himalayan foothills, which contain the bones of millions of sea-level animals in a horizontally bedded deposit.  The M-layer in the Mediterranean and Red sea beds, which triggered the so-called Messinian Salinity Crisis, was deposited during the one-hundred periods of fifteen years that these Seas were empty and their salt water evaporated.

The water collected at Mars’ north pole at the beginning of each encounter was then episodically transferred to the Earth as a result of internal convulsions resulting from rapid alignments of the two planets with the Moon, and the Sun and Moon combined.  This water fell primarily in great basins in Tibet, beneath the position of Mars.   Tibetan monks have paintings of ships sailing on vast lakes as recently as 500 BC, but uniformitarian scientists maintain that such lakes could not have existed so recently.  The great Himalayan river valleys all formed when the these vast resevoirs breached their confinement and catastrophically cascaded through the Himalayas.

Where did all the Martian water go?  It was brought to the Earth via thousands of internal convulsions within Mars and is a significant part of every human being.  The intricacies of these cosmic events, which all follow the laws of physics (actually the Laws of God – He was here first) lead to the inevitable conclusion that a higher power, Yehovah, initiated them in order to replenish a sickly Earth to support the increasing population of mankind.

This scenario explains the poorly defined ‘coastlines’ of the Oceanus Borealis. At the beginning of the Vedic Period (3700 to 700 BC), Mars was a full of life and water was everywhere on the planet.   It was called the ‘Great Green’ in Egyptian myth.  This ocean only formed during the captures of Mars and during each capture a significant portion was ejected to the Earth.  Then during the next fifteen years, when Mars orbited the Sun, the water became redistributed evenly over the planet.  This was done in order that the inaccessible water in the southern hemisphere during each encounter could be brought to the northern hemisphere on subsequent encounters.  The tidal force of the Earth also produced the small observed southward flows in craters in the southern hemisphere.

The megafloods in northwestern US were the result of the fact that the spin axis of the mantle of the Earth had to shift to Hudson Bay in order for priori-Mars (still had its solid core), which orbited geosynchronously over Mt. Kailas, tidally locked onto the uplifted mass anomaly, i.e. the Tibetan-Himalayan complex.  Thus for each fifteen-year capture period, Hudson Bay remained at a point perpendicular to the plane of the Earths orbit, and was essentially the north pole.  This is why the late glaciation in North America was centered in Hudson Bay. At the end of each fifteen year encounter, when the mantle reverted to its normal spin axis, the glaciers melted, and the outflow, probably impeded by glacial dams, finally were released catastrophically.  Since there were one hundred captures and releases of priori-Mars between 3700 and 700 BC, there are one hundred sedimentary layers in the Missoula Valley – each formed by the sediment left by succeeding releases of glacial water and separated by “less than twenty” thin, varved layers.  The flooding on priori-Mars occurred at the beginning of each encounter as Mars was captured while the northwestern US flooding occurred in the months following each Mars’ departure as the fifteen-year-old glaciers melted. But both took place during the Vedic Period.

Recently, NASA made a big ‘splash’ over the fact that the LACROSS (Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite) mission detected water in a permanently shaded lunar crater (Cabeus) by spectroscopy of a plume sent up by an impacting body.

The origin of this water should be obvious to most astrophysicists.  It has been the subject of considerable scientific controversy in the past decade.  I am referring to the dozens of house-sized ‘comets’ falling to Earth on a daily basis, discovered by Louis A Frank, Professor of Physics at the University of Iowa and his associates.  Most conventional (uniformitarian) scientists staunchly resisted his findings, but the confirmation provided by the NASA Polar satellite is quite solid.  This is just another example of ‘science’ at its worst, sweeping under the rug anything which does not fit into the ‘standard model’.

One of the major objections advanced in an attempt to disprove Prof. Frank’s comet hypothesis, was that seismic sensors on the Moon did not detect these small comet impacts.  What astrophysicists fail to recognize is that large amounts of water evaporated into the weightlessness of space will freeze and link up to form tenuous, snow-flake-like bodies, the impacts of which do not register as do solid bodies.  This is what Louis Frank observed. There are so many of these bodies that they must have impacted every square foot of the Moon’s surface in the last 6000 years.  However, as soon as the Sun illuminates the area, the water present on the surface was evaporated back into space in an invisible form.  But certain areas, such as the impact site of NASA’s LACROSS satellite, remain perpetually in shade and the tenuous comets that strike at these locations can leave an accumulation of water.

The water was blasted from Jupiter by the same enormous impact out of which Venus was born or was shot out of the crater by the resulting jet of hot gases which continued ejecting significant mass from the crater up to around 1933.  Today the Great Red Spot manifests the hot material rising from that crater. One of the major assumptions on which astrophysicists base their ‘standard model’ of the solar system is that Jupiter and Saturn are gas planets, but in the recent catastrophism scenario proposed here, they are composed primarily of water in the form of a solid ice-like structure called methane gas hydrates, or clathrates, which do not compress.

The events surrounding the creation of Venus demonstrates how all terrestrial planets were created – as the result of enormously high energy impacts on Jupiter.  Since gas hydrates are primarily water, the vast majority of material blasted into space in the last 6000 years ago was water. Proto-Venus formed from the small percentage of heavy elements incorporated in the gas hydrates.  Since it was born so hot, all the lighter elements were initially lost by thermal escape into the inner solar system.  They will be captured subsequently after the body cools down, thus the life-supporting elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, etc. eventually collect on the surface, forming the land, the salty ocean and the atmosphere.  But it is inevitable that they, particularly water, will also be captured by the extant planets, such as the Earth and the Moon.

The same catastrophism scenario provides another possible source for water found in and around craters, particularly on the near side of the Moon.  These deposits are more consistent with the typically water-bearing mineral deposits found by the NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument on the Indian Chandrayaan probe which recently orbited the Moon for a number of months. The deposits could be due to the impacts of large near-surface bodies launched from priori-Mars between 4000 and 700 BC when it orbited the Earth.  Near-surface bodies often contain aquifers.  In fact, it is this class of bodies that are called short-period comets when still in inter-planetary space, because when they are heated by the Sun the water in the aquifers is vaporized, expands and freezes in space, forming a visible tail.  The question in the case of these bodies depositing water on the Moon, is whether their water might have been completely evaporated back into space due to the energy released upon impact.   In other words, the typically water-bearing mineral deposits found by M3 may have lost all their water upon impact.

Sunspots are only one of the pantheon of currently unexplained solar system phenomena.  They appear spontaneously, often in pairs, and their numbers increase and decrease with a period of about eleven years.  They are dark relative to the ‘normal’ solar surface (10,000 F or 5300 K), but are still very hot (typically 3200 Kelvins), often attain sizes as large as the Earth and typically last a few weeks.  The interest of scientists has been tweaked in recent decades with the realization that they constitute sources of great solar flares producing waves of high energy particles which strike the Earth, disrupting communications and power grids, and threatening the lives of astronauts exposed in space.

Figure 1. Sunspot Butterfly Diagram

The eleven year cycle involves some intriguing structure.  One form in which it is presented is by a plot of daily sunspot area versus solar latitude over a number of eleven year cycles, known as a butterfly diagram shown in Figure 1.  In the early part of each cycle the sunspots usually appear at north and south latitudes as high as 30 degrees but then move closer to the solar equator as the cycle continues.  Then after a short period of almost no activity, the cycle begins again.  They often occur in pairs or clusters.

Surprisingly, large amounts of water have been reported inside sunspots by several research groups. Water should be completely dissociated into H and OH radicals and ultimately to O and H atoms at the surface temperature of the Sun (5800 Kelvins).   One paper, (Water on the Sun: Molecules Everywhere, by Takeshi Oka, Science, 277, 18 July 1997) reports that the spectrum of water was unequivocally measured in a sunspot at a temperature of 3200 degrees Fahrenheit.  Although initially surprised at the finding, the author tries to explain the finding within the current uniformitarian paradigm.  “When the temperature is reduced to 3200 K, we should not be surprised that the atoms quickly go out and find mates to form massive numbers of water molecules.”  – difficult to believe.  Measurements by chemist Peter Bernath and his colleagues at the University of Waterloo indicated that there were enough water molecules in one 12,000 mile-wide sunspot to fill a lake four square miles in area and 300 feet deep.

Another unsolved mystery of the Sun, not directly linked to sunspots, is the fact that its ‘atmosphere’ attains temperatures above 1,000,000 degrees while the visible surface is only at 5800 Kelvins.  This ‘corona’ is currently thought to supply the energy which powers the solar wind.  It is also thought to be associated with the magnetic field of the Sun, because the corona attains its highest temperatures in areas surrounding sunspots, where the magnetic field is distorted.  However, the coronal regions with the strongest magnetic fields are directly above the sunspots where the corona is coolest.

More Recent Data
An article (Inside Sunspots: New View Solves Old Puzzle by Robert Roy Britt) in the Nov. 6, 2002 edition of Space.com gives some results of the most recent sunspot measurements, made by the SOHO satellite along with explanations and concerns of a few of the involved scientists.

“The new view inside sunspots, provided by instruments onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), shows a previously unseen process.  The Michaelson Doppler Interferometer shows plasma in sunspots zooming toward the center of the Sun at 3,000 mph, creating a siphon of sorts that reins in the magnetic fields.”  Members of the research team offered the following hypotheses:

“Magnetic fields in sunspots are known to prevent the heat that’s generated deep within the Sun from rising to the surface.  So the plasma in a sunspot is cooler than plasma on the surrounding surface of the Sun.  Since the sunspot plasma is cooler, it is heavier, and it plunges downward.  That draws the surrounding plasma and magnetic field inward toward the sunspot’s center … The concentrated field promotes further cooling and sinking flow and draws in still more material. This sets up a self-maintaining cycle of material circulation.”

More recently additional evidence has been provided by the Transition Region And Coronal Explorer (TRACE) spacecraft.  It is in the form of a video clip showing several waving shadows approaching the Sun after the eruption of a Coronal Mass Expulsion (CME) event.  Quoting Edward Deluca of the Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and co-author of an upcoming Astrophysical Journal report on TRACE’s observations:

“… other instruments have previously spotted the curious, dark globules, which were first noticed in January 1999.  After the initial discovery, researchers scrutinized old data, finding about 40 other events dating back to 1991.  But TRACE’s detection of the tadpoles marks the first ever for a high-resolution satellite.  This is the best view yet of these enigmatic shapes,  TRACE’s close-up ultraviolet view of the tadpoles occurred on April 21, 2002, during a coronal mass ejection (CME). Tadpoles have been seen in association with about 20 percent of CMEs. “

The tadpole feature has perplexed astronomers, because such gigantic explosions should be propelling material outward, yet these black blobs are retreating toward the sun at up to 400 miles a second.  But the TRACE data, which observes in ultraviolet light at 1.5 million and 10 million degrees Celsius, have helped scientists unravel the mystery behind these formerly enigmatic features..

Catastrophism
Long before the latest SOHO finding, it seemed logical to me that sunspots were caused by the impacts of large bodies into the Sun’s surface.  Naively, one can imagine a stream of large bodies in a Sun-grazing orbit with a period of 11.3  years, and an inclination that would result in their striking the Sun between 30 degrees north and south latitude.  Some of their orbits would decay on each pass and cause them to impact the Sun.  Also they would be expected to break up on approach, creating pairs or clusters of sunspots.  The new findings, that the gas at the surface of the Sun is diving down into the Sun at 3,000 mph, strongly reinforces this notion.  But there are two problems with this hypothesis.  First, although the velocity of the ‘tadpoles’  is consistent with an origin at Jupiter’s orbit, the period of such bodies would only be about four years, far from the sunspot period.  Second, it is difficult to imagine the enormous number of bodies in similar orbits that could produce the myriads of sunspots recorded over the last century.  However, I  suggest that the close correspondence of Jupiter’s period of revolution around the Sun and the sunspot periodicity cannot be mere coincidence.

Figure 2 Jupiter Jet 1200 AD

There is a facet of my recent catastrophism scenario which suggests a solution to this mystery – one which could never be imagined under the current uniformitarian paradigm.  It originates from the suggestion in several myths, e.g. that Pallas Athene (proto-Venus) was born out of Jupiter ‘fully armored with a spear,’ implying an incandescent linear feature was seen at that time (4,000 BC.).  This, combined with a drawing of a large jet shooting out of Jupiter in a ninth century AD arabic document, in Figure 2, suggests that the impact on Jupiter, out of which proto-Venus was born, continued to produce a highly directed jet of hot gases for more than four millennia.  It is manifested today by the most prominent feature on Jupiter, the Great Red Spot.  The jet, which originally extended hundreds of thousands of kilometers from Jupiter, encompassing all four Galilean moons, gradually diminished to the point that it could no longer eject mass from Jupiter, around 1932.  In fact, investigators from Oxford University, studying data returned by the NASA Galileo NIMS instrument, have recently detected the remnant of the jet at the center of the GRS.  This is described at http://www.planetary.org/html/news/articlearchive/headlines/1998/headln-033198.html, as follows:

“Jupiter has high winds, and a large number of very large, very long-lived storm systems can be seen on the planet at any one time. The most famous of these is the Great Red Spot (GRS), which is revealed as having a most remarkable structure in the new data.

Most astronomers believed GRS was a deep mass of cloud. Instead, it has a spiral arm structure of clouds, with gaps between which enable NIMS to see through the GRS into the deep, relatively clear atmosphere below. Futhermore, the cloud structure is higher in the center by more than 10 kilometers and tilted toward one side, something like a crooked spiral staircase.

What seems to be happening is that wet air from the deep atmosphere is rising rapidly in a relatively narrow region in the center of the GRS, and then spraying out above the tops of the ammonia clouds while rotating, rather like a giant garden sprinkler.”

Figure 3 Record of Jupiter's Slowing Rotation

The hugh crater on Jupiter implied by the highly directional jet, was due to the impact of a large fast-moving body, possibly from outside the solar system, on the solid methane gas hydrate body of Jupiter.  This jet of hot gases has contributed the following features to the solar system we observe today:  (1) It supplied the outer layers of the four Galilean moons, in the millennia after the proto-moons formed from material ejected into Jovian orbits at the time of the great impact, 6,000 years ago.  (2) The great heat of the jet gases combined with the strong radiation field surrounding Jupiter after the impact, accounts for the great differences in the makeup of the four Galilean moons.  (3) Its gases coalsced to form the main-belt asteroids; (4) The hot gases still rising from the crater are responsible for the Jovian temperature excess and zonal wind bands;  (5) The total mass ejected from the Jovian system by the jet, over six millennia, has slowed the rotation of the giant planet from its initial period of about one hour (calculated by Fred Hoyle, The Cosmogony of the Solar System) to its current period of almost ten hours.  Evidence of the ‘tail end’ of this deceleration is available in the records of the GRS circulation periods, Fig. 3, measured relative to the present (assumed constant) rate.  As can be seen in the figure the ejection of mass from Jupiter ended around 1930.

The total energy released at the time of the impact, which was sufficient to eject as much as two Venus-sized masses from the system, was about 10^41  ergs, but the energy required to slow the rotation of the massive Jupiter is of the order of 10^43 ergs.   I attribute this additional energy and the great longevity of the jet  to energy being released from a nuclear conflagration fueled by deuterium and hydrogen, from essentially water, that comprises the body of the giant planet.

What happened to all the material ejected with escape velocity as Jupiter whirled, which did not become incorporated into the Galilean satellites and the main-belt asteroids?  As the hot gases cooled they accreted to form unique solid bodies in the weightlessness of interplanetary space.  These are dark, low density, hydrated cinder-like bodies comprising the full variety of heavy elements imbedded in the bulk of Jupiter. Except for the material ejected to form the extant terrestrial planets, satellites and asteroids, the solid methane gas hydrates comprising the solid bulk of Jupiter encapsulate all the heavy elements present in the solar system.  (This is why the average density of Jupiter is 1.33 while that of Saturn is close to the density of pure methane gas hydrate, 0.88.)  As a result, the asteroids each contain a small complement of heavy elements, including nickel and iron in addition to the water.  Because they coalesced from hot gas while still within the magnetic field of Jupiter they posses remnant magnetism, just as has been observed of the main belt asteroids.

Those ejected in the forward direction of Jupiter’s orbital motion, i.e. with greater orbital velocities became the main belt asteroids and Kuiper Belt bodies.  The low densities (1 gm/cm^3) and magnetism of several main belt asteroids and also Almathea are consistent with this hypothesis.  Scientists attribute the low densities of these bodies to their being loosely bound ‘rubble piles’, i.e. without structural rigidity, but those imaged close-up look quite rigid, like potatoes with convex shapes.  Also, the current consensus is that the main belt asteroids are ancient and have been subjected to collisional breakup, but this would result in sharp angled surfaces, which have not been observed.  I maintain that at least one entire class (C-type) of main belt asteroids, numbering in the hundreds of thousands, was formed from the Jovian jet in the last 6,000 years.  The other class and the 50-some small satellites of Jupiter, probably formed from the debris blasted from Jupiter at the time of the original impact, which failed to become incorporated into proto-Venus.  Based on the Sloan Digital Survey data there are estimated to be some 700,000 main belt asteroids with diameters greater than 1 km.  They are characterized by low to moderate inclinations, as would be expected from their ejection in the direction 20 degrees below the equator of Jupiter. The large range of inclinations is also an indication of their relative youth, since their orbital inclinations should have been reduced to zero within 100,000 years, similar to the rings of Saturn.

But those bodies ejected in the opposite direction from Jupiter’s orbital velocity or toward the Sun, were injected into orbits that pass close to the Sun.  The combination of -20 degree S. latitude orientation of the GRS with the 1.3 degree inclination of Jupiter’s orbit and the 3.1 degree obliquity of its spin axis could result in orbits of the ejected bodies ranging from 24 to 16 degrees relative to the ecliptic.  But the range of sunspot latitudes on the Sun is from -30 to + 30 degrees.  This is because the equator of the Sun is tilted at about 7.5 degrees to the ecliptic.  Therefore the maximum solar latitudes of the asteroid impacts would be approximately 31.5.   Since each asteroid must pass through the plane of the ecliptic at perihelion, it is obvious that the impact of a specific body would be equally probable at the same northern or southern latitude. This is determined by the side of their perihelion on which they impact. Because there are no permanent markings and because of our inability to observe the far side of the Sun, this diagram does not convey the longitude at which the impacts occur.

Jupiter expelled millions of high eccentricity asteroids as it orbited the Sun for the last 6,000 years. These orbit the Sun at all azimuths. Fortunately, their inclination, of the order of 22.5 degrees, the latitude of the GRS, prevent their impacting on the inner planets.  The asteroid orbits gradually decay at a relatively constant rate.  A sunspot cycle begins when the orbits of some asteroids expelled around Jupiter’s perihelion decay and impact the ‘near-side’ of the Sun. Because they have the smaller perihelion distances their eccentricities cause them to strike the Sun at higher latitudes. Since the asteroid orbits cross the plane of the solar system at perihelion, they are equally likely to impact on the northern or southern hemisphere. The cycle proceeds as the orbits of asteroids with greater and greater perihelion distances decay and strike the Sun more toward the ‘far side’ and therefore closer and closer to its equator.   Those with even greater perihelion distances overshoot the Sun at which time the butterfly diagram shows no further impacts.

Figure 4. Corona hot spots

The difference between Jupiter’s period (11.86 earth years) and the average sunspot cycle (11.3 years), is due primarily to a reduction of the asteroids aphelions by drag in the solar corona, on orbits preceding their impacts on the Sun.  This retardation is consistent with the localized, non-thermal heating of the corona to millions of degrees.  Moreover, the material that comprises the solar corona is due to the material ablated from millions of smaller bodies falling toward the Sun. Yohkoh images (Figure 4) and SOHO’s ultraviolet spectra of these regions provide clear evidence for their non-thermal nature, strongly implying heat deposition by fast moving bodies.  In some ways scientists are leaning toward this explanation.  Quoting from an article summarizing data on the solar corona (Science, 285, 6 Aug1999, p.849):

“In the Yohkoh images one sees only the hottest part of the corona.  SOHO’s ultraviolet spectra of these regions have provided clear evidence for nonthermality.  The Yohkoh images thus probably show the approximate locations of heat deposition in the corona.”  (My emphasis.)

Essential to my entire hypothesis, is the thesis that water, in the form of gas hydrates, is the primary constituent of Jupiter and Saturn, with the corollary that the giant planets are extremely cold.  This is implied by the high concentration of water on Europa, Ganymede and Calypso and the large satellites of Saturn.  The NASA Galileo atmospheric probe measured very little water in the Jovian atmosphere, not because of the absence of water comprising the planet, but due to the fact that it is all frozen in the solid gas hydrate.  (The full reasoning is available in the paper entitled “A New Paradigm for the Jovian System,” on my website.)  This implies that the asteroids impacting the Sun contain plenty of water, thus explaining the strong spectral signal of water measured within sunspots.  When these bodies impact the Sun they propel the surface gases downward at the same time they are being vaporized, leaving the surface cooler, darker and full of water molecules.  But the great orbital kinetic energy is not merely absorbed by the Sun.  The gases around edge of the point of impact are splashed outward similar to the way an impact on a rocky surface ejects material.  The impacts splash material from the surface of the Sun producing the so-called Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).  The impacts leave their mark on the Sun in the form of a relatively stable local circulation pattern, like a smoke-ring or inverted Hadley cell, explaining the lifetime of sunspots, which can be weeks  and the brightening of the surrounding area..

Figure 5. Solar Tadpoles

The video clip made from TRACE images, a still photo from which is shown in Figure 5, further corroborates my hypothesis.  It can be viewed on the internet at:  www.physlink.com/News/041603SolarTadpoles.cfm.   The initial scene

Figure 6. Primary and Seconday Sunspots

shows a quiescent area of the sun’s surface.  Because the background is dark it is not possible to see the primary asteroid as it impacts the Sun from the upper right, but the primary impact light up the entire scene.  This makes it possible to see the less massive pieces which broke off from the primary asteroid and were retarded in the solar atmosphere.  Some of these bodies may also strike the surface, producing smaller sunspots around the primary one, as shown in Figure 6.  It appears in the film clip that the same hot plasma produced by the impact of the primary asteroid, which makes the secondaries visible, may also increase the chances that they become vaporized.  The vaporization of the less massive secondaries causes the cooler, darker streamers, named ‘tadpoles.’

Depending on the location of the impacts, the CME waves of high velocity charged particles often propagate outward and enter the magnetic field of the Earth, spiraling into the poles and  creating the Aurora Borealis.  True, the most intense solar flares can incapacitate communication networks and power grids, but I maintain that the more normal electromagnetic impulses perform several functions vital for life on Earth.  The obvious effect is in warming the Earth.  From historical records and the ingenuity of a number of researchers it has been ascertained that there was a 70-year dearth of sunspots and aurora in the 17th & 18th century, referred to as the Maunder Minimum.  At that same time in history, a severe temperature drop was recorded anecdotally.  During that period, so-called “Frost Festivals” were held on the Seine river which was frozen solid in those years.  This was the only period that the Seine river froze solidly.  Recently, solar activity has been correlated with temperatures on Earth on both century and decadel time scales.  The CMEs which strike the Earth also ‘pump-up’ the superconducting flow of current in the solid core by Faraday induction.  Positive and negative particles spiraling into the poles in opposite directions, so that their effects are additive.

As mentioned above,  the asteroids from Jupiter each contain a small complement of heavy elements, including nickel and iron.  Because they coalesced from hot gas while still within the magnetic field of Jupiter they posses remnant magnetism, just as do the main belt asteroids.  When they strike the surface of the Sun, this magnetism can be detected in the resulting sunspots by earth telescopes using spectroscopy and polarimetry.  The impacts display a systematic N-S arrangement induced by the magnetic dipole field of the Sun.  As they approach, with their south poles become oriented toward the north magnetic pole of the Sun. That is, their orientation opposes the dipole polarity of the Sun.  At the peak of the impacts, the so-called ‘solar maximum’, so much opposing magnetic flux is delivered to the Sun, that its dipole field is overwhelmed and flips.

This is beautifully illustrated in a magnetic butterfly diagram, originated by David Hathaway of NASA Marshall, shown in Figure 7.  The magnetic fields at mid-latitudes represent the influx due to the impacting asteroids, while the magnetic fields at the very top and bottom show the dipole field of the Sun.  Note that the dipole field is overwhelmed at the maximum of asteroid input flux and becomes reversed at that time.

Astrophysicists currently believe that all this activity, i.e. sunspots and magnetic fields, are generated from within the Sun, but they have great difficulty in explaining how the dipole field could originate in the interior, due to the high temperature and outward flux of energy, which would not allow the required circulation.  Equally puzzling is how such a circulation could be reversed every eleven years. This paper explains the Sun’s dipole magnetic field as superficial -  merely due to the influx of magnetized asteroids – little pieces of Jupiter’s magnetic field, and is not generated in the Sun’s interior.   This also explains why astronomers have difficulty finding other stars with magnetic fields.  Once the flux of asteroids becomes depleted, the Sun’s magnetic field will probably disappear completely.

The proposed sunspot hypothesis explains: (a) the downward motion of the surface material and its velocity; (b) the cooling of the umbra material; (c) the presence of large amounts of water in sunspots; (d) the periodicity of the sunspots and the butterfly diagram; (e) the origin of the Coronal Mass Ejections; (f) the makeup of the solar corona and its high non-thermal temperature; and (g) the origin of the Sun’s magnetic ‘dipole’ field and its reversal.

It is particularly ironic that the scientists continue to given animal names, such as ‘tadpoles’ to observed physical phenomenon.   This was, of course, exactly what our ancient predecessors did when they named the heavenly bodies in ancient myth – the same myths on which this new catastrophism hypothesis is based.  The irony is that this is the property of the myths, which cause ‘conventional’ scientists to reject their validity as scientific evidence.

The sudden introduction of 10^42 ergs into the solar system 6,000 years BP has profound implications for ancient history and planetary science.  Only a few of them are touched on in this paper.  Until the catastrophic scenario is acknowledged, making possible the discussion of the many new ideas, instead of their outright dismissal, the potential knowledge of our world and the planets, already present in the data, will remain hostage.  The longer we look out into the universe, the more aware we must become that it is a violent and changing place.  To assume our system is immune is sheer folly.